Online harassment and cyberstalking: a case study

Authors

Keywords:

harassment, stalking, hate crimes, hostility, cybercrime, Hostigamiento, acoso, delitos de odio, hostilidad, ciberdelito

Abstract

The evidence from some studies conducted until now reflects that the offenders´ conscious anger and hostility toward the victim is the prevalent motivation behind the unwanted pattern of conduct that alarms and causes distress to another individual. From a legal-criminal perspective, even if a context-sensitive approach is still necessary, this could well amount to harassment or stalking, on a case-by-case basis. Intriguingly, hostility has always been the core term operating in hate crime legislation in England & Wales. Apart from what looks like a coincidence, how does the unhealthy and long-term fixation pattern with an individual intersect with hate crimes? How is the workability of all the above in the virtual environment? We will use R v Joshua Bonehill-Paine (2016), a racially aggravated online harassment case, as a vehicle to illustrate some concerns and broader thematic points of interest.

Según reflejan algunos estudios realizados hasta la fecha, la ira consciente y hostilidad de los agresores hacia la víctima sería la motivación predominante detrás del patrón de conducta no deseada que alarma y causa angustia a otro individuo. Desde una perspectiva jurídico-penal, aunque siga siendo imprescindible realizar una aproximación sensible al contexto, esto bien podría equivaler a hostigamiento (harassment) o acoso (stalking), en función del caso. Curiosamente, la hostilidad siempre ha sido el término central que opera en la legislación sobre delitos de odio en Inglaterra y Gales. Al margen de lo que parece más bien una coincidencia, ¿cómo relacionar el patrón de fijación enfermiza a largo plazo por un individuo con los delitos de odio? ¿Cómo es la operatividad de todo lo anterior en el entorno virtual? Utilizaremos R v Joshua Bonehill-Paine (2016), un caso de hostigamiento online agravado por cuestiones raciales, como vehículo para ilustrar algunas preocupaciones y puntos temáticos de interés más amplios.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Views 1075
Downloads:
13(2)_Gordon_Benito_SZ 403


Author Biography

Iñigo Gordon Benito, UNESCO Chair for Human Rights and Public Authorities, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)

Iñigo GORDON BENITO is a Lecturer in Criminal law and a member of the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights and Public Authorities of the University of the Basque Country (http://katedraddhh.eus/en/equipo/equipo.php). His research activity is focused on hate crimes, hate speech and online identity theft. In November 2021, he defended his doctoral thesis entitled «Hate crimes and cyberhate in the Spanish Criminal Code. Special attention devoted to the generic aggravating circumstance of Article 22.4 and the aggravated subtype of Article 510.3». He is currently part of the Hate Crime Research Group working team, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, which runs from 1 September 2021 to 1 September 2025 (Title of the Project: Hate crimes in Spain: pending challenges; Reference: I+D+I PID2020-115320GB-100). In 2018 he carried out a research stay at Oxford Brookes University (UK). In April 2021, he carried out a new research stay at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law (Germany). He has been certified as an Assistant Lecturer/Professor in May 2022. He is a hired postdoctoral researcher as of 26 June 2022.

References

Addison, N., 2007. Religious discrimination and hatred law. Abingdon/New York: Routledge-Cavendish.

All Northern Ireland, 2023. Over 80 alleged stalkers arrested in first year of NI legislation. Police Service of Northern Ireland [online], 24 April. Available at: https://www.psni.police.uk/latest-news/over-80-alleged-stalkers-arrested-first-year-ni-legislation

Ashworth, A., and Kelly, R., 2021. Sentencing and criminal justice. 7th ed. Oxford/Portland: Hart.

Bakalis, C., 2018. Rethinking cyberhate laws, Information & Communications Technology Law, 27(1), 86–110.

Barker, K., and Jurasz, O., 2019. Online misogyny as a hate crime. A challenge for legal regulation? Abingdon/New York: Routledge.

BBC News, 1999. Internet stalker faces jail. BBC [online], 8 September. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/442280.stm

Cavezza, C., and McEwan, T.E., 2014. Cyberstalking versus off-line stalking in a forensic sample. Psychology, Crime & Law, 20(10), 955–970.

Clough, J., 2015. Principles of cybercrime. 2nd ed. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.

Commons Chamber, 2018. Anti-Semitism (17th April 2018). Luciana Berger excerpts. Parallel Parliament [online]. Available at: https://www.parallelparliament.co.uk/mp/luciana-berger/debate/2018-04-17/commons/commons-chamber/anti-semitism

Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), 2017a. Man who posted articles to MP ‘littered with hate’ convicted. CPS News Brief [online], 7 December. Available at: https://cpsuk.typepad.com/blog/page/10/

Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), 2017b. Man who sent anti-Semitic messages to MP and others jailed. CPS News Brief [online], 10 February. Available at: https://cpsuk.typepad.com/blog/page/9/

Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), 2023. Guidance on prosecuting cases involving social media and other electronic communications [online]. London: Crown Prosecution Service. Available at: https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/social-media-and-other-electronic-communications

Dreßing, H., et al., 2014. Cyberstalking in a large sample of social network users: prevalence, characteristics, and impact upon victims. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(2), 61–67.

Duff, R.A., 2018. The realm of Criminal law. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.

Duff, R.A., and Marshall, S.E., 2018. Criminalizing hate?. In: T. Brudholm and B.S. Johansen, eds., Hate, politics, law. Critical perspectives on combating hate, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 115–149.

Fodor, J., 2022. Is hate against the law? Legal responses to cyberhate. In: J. Bacigalupo, K. Borgeson, and R.M. Valeri, eds., Cyberhate. The far right in the digital age, Lanham, London: Lexington Books, 43–64.

Geach, N., and Haralambous, N., 2009. Regulating harassment: is the law fit for the social networking age? Journal of Criminal Law, 73(3), 241–257.

Harpin, L., 2018a. Corbyn supporter sentenced for abuse against Jewish MPs. The JC [online], 10 December. Available at: https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/jeremy-corbyn-supporter-sentenced-for-antisemitic-threats-against-jewish-mps-luciana-berger-and-ruth-1.473818

Harpin, L., 2018b. Teen boasted he wanted to kill Jewish MP. The JC [online], 19 July. Available at: https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/luciana-berger-murder-boast-terror-offences-trial-1.467449

Home Office, 2001. Animal rights extremism: Government strategy. A consultation document [online]. Available at: https://wellcomecollection.org/works/seuxbmn3/items?canvas=1

House of Lords, 2014. Social media and criminal offences. Select Committee on Communications. 1st report of session 2014-15 [online]. London: The Stationery Office. Available at: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201415/ldselect/ldcomuni/37/37.pdf [Accessed 7 May 2023].

Kienlen, K.K., et al., 1997. A comparative study of psychotic and nonpsychotic stalking. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 25(3), 317–334.

Killean, R., et. al., 2016. Review of the need for stalking legislation in Northern Ireland [online]. Available at: https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/123538801/Review_of_the_Need_for_Stalking_Legislation_in_Northern_Ireland..pdf

Kirk, E., 2016. Legislation and international frameworks tackling online islamophobia. In: I. Awan, ed., Islamophobia in cyberspace. Hate crimes go viral, Abingdon/New York: Ashgate, 123–136.

Laville, S., 2017. Internet troll who sent Labour MP antisemitic messages is jailed. The Guardian [online], 10 February. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/feb/10/internet-troll-who-sent-labour-mp-antisemitic-messages-is-jailed

Law Commission, 2014. Hate crime: should the current offences be extended? (Law Com. No. 348) [online]. May. Available at: https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/app/uploads/2015/03/lc348_hate_crime.pdf

Law Commission, 2018. Abusive and offensive online communications: a scoping report (Law Com. No. 381) [online]. November. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/912203/6_5039_LC_Online_Comms_Report_FINAL_291018_WEB.pdf

Lawson-Cruttenden, T., and Addison, N., 1997. Blackstone’s guide to the Protection from Harassment Act 1997. London: Blackstone Press.

Manchester Evening News, 2016. Facebook troll who subjected disabled man to ‘tirade’ of online abuses is jailed. Manchester Evening News, 28 January.

Marrinan, D., 2020. Hate crime legislation in Northern Ireland. Independent review [online]. Department of Justice (NI). Available at: https://www.justice-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/justice/hate-crime-review.pdf

Meloy, J.R., 1998. The psychology of stalkers. In: J.R. Meloy, ed., The psychology of stalking: Clinical and forensic perspectives. Cambridge: Academic Press, 1–23.

Monaghan, R., 2013. Not quite terrorism: animal rights extremism in the United Kingdom. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 36(11), 933–951.

Nurse, J.R.C., 2019. Cybercrime and you: how criminals attack and the human factors that they seek to exploit. In: A. Attrill-Smith et al., eds., The Oxford handbook of cyberpsychology, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 663–690.

Ormerod, D., and Laird, K., 2021. Smith, Hogan, and Ormerod’s Criminal law. 16th ed. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.

Ormerod, D., and Perry, D., 2020. Blackstone’s Criminal practice 2021. 30th ed. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.

PA/The Huffington Post, 2013. Luciana Berger, Jewish MP, Subject To Anti-Semitic Tirade, Abuser Philip Hayes Found Guilty and Fined. Huffington Post [online], 9 January. Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/01/09/luciana-berger-jewish-mp-antisemitic-abuse_n_2439941.html

Perraudin, F., 2014. Man jailed for antisemitic tweet to Labour MP. The Guardian [online], 20 October. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/oct/20/man-jailed-antisemitic-tweet-labour-mp

Rapisarda, S.S., and Kras, K.R., 2023. Cyberstalking. In: D. Hummer and J.M. Byrne, eds., Handbook on crime and technology, Cheltenham/Northampton: Edward Elgar, 303–333.

Richardson, M., 2014. Cyber-crime: law & practice. London: Wildy, Simmonds & Hill.

Sentencing Council, 2018a. MCSG. Harassment (fear of violence)/Stalking (fear of violence)/Racially or religiously aggravated harassment (fear of violence)/stalking (fear of violence) [online]. 1 October. Available at: https://www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/offences/magistrates-court/item/harassment-fear-of-violence-stalking-fear-of-violence/

Sentencing Council, 2018b. MCSG. Harassment/stalking/racially or religiously aggravated harassment/stalking [online]. 1 October. Available at: https://www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/offences/magistrates-court/item/harassment-stalking-racially-or-religiously-aggravated-harassment-stalking/

Sentencing Council, 2019. General guideline: overarching principles [online]. 1 October. Available at: https://www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/overarching-guides/magistrates-court/item/general-guideline-overarching-principles/

Wall, D., 2001. Cybercrimes and the Internet. In: D. Wall, ed., Crime and the Internet. London/New York: Routledge, 1–17.

Published

11/17/2023

How to Cite

Gordon Benito, I. (2023) “Online harassment and cyberstalking: a case study”, Sortuz: Oñati Journal of Emergent Socio-Legal Studies, 13(2), pp. 242–257. Available at: https://opo.iisj.net/index.php/sortuz/article/view/1770 (Accessed: 21 November 2024).