The "left" and "right" arm of the prison: Prison work and the local legal culture of the penitentiary

Egileak

##plugins.pubIds.doi.readerDisplayName##:

https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1310

Gako-hitzak:

legal culture, prison officer, healthcare professional, prison, ethnography, Italy

Laburpena

This contribution aims to explore the tension between the juridical dimension of the prison system and the everyday practices that take place within it. The article focus on prison officers’ and health professionals’ legal culture, drawing from ethnographic researches made by the authors in 4 correctional facilities in Northern Italy. Prison officers’ and health professionals’ working practices can be representative of two ideal-typical patterns of prison staff's action, that we exemplified using the “right” and “left arm" metaphor. The empirical researches conducted by the authors, while highlighting differences and affinities between the two working styles, describe the mutual adaptation of both groups to the peculiarities of the “local legal culture” that characterizes the prison environment. Both groups, grafting within this local legal culture of the prison, contribute to reproducing the maintenance of order and the pursuit of security, which are the main aims of the prison itself.

##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##

##plugins.generic.usageStats.noStats##

        Metrics

Views 261
Downloads:
12_6_Maculan_Sterchele_OSLS (English) 167
XML_12_6_Maculan_Sterchele_OSLS (English) 33


##submission.authorBiographies##

##submission.authorWithAffiliation##

Alessandro Maculan (University of Padova) is a PhD in Social Sciences: Interactions, Communication and Cultural Constructions at the University of Padua. He did researches and published articles about prison officers work and everyday life within carceral institutions, prison conditions in Europe and migrants’ criminalization processes. Ethnography and qualitative research methods are his main methodological references. E-mail address: alessandro-maculan@libero.it

Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology (FISPPA). University of Padua. Via M. Cesarotti 10/12 - 35123 Padova, Italy    

##submission.authorWithAffiliation##

Luca Sterchele (University of Padova) is PhD in Social Sciences at the University of Padua. He did researches on prison cultures and mental health care in carceral settings, mainly using qualitative and ethno- graphic methodologies. He spent extended visiting periods in European universities such as the University of Edinburgh, the Open University and the Universitat de Barcelona. He presented his works in a number of national and international conferences and he published articles in different books and scientific journals.

Department of Philosophy, Sociology,  Education and Applied Psychology (FISPPA). University of Padua. Via M. Cesarotti 10/12 - 35123 Padova, Italy. Email address: luca.sterchele@phd.unipd.it

Erreferentziak

Ariens, M.S., 1992. Modern Legal Times: making a professional legal culture. Journal of American Culture, 15(1), 25–35.

Associazione Antigone, 2013. L’Europa ci guarda: Decimo rapporto sulle condizioni di detenzione in Italia. Turin: Gruppo Abele.

Benguigui, G., Chauvenet, A., and Orlic, F., 1994. Les surveillants de prison et la règle. Deviance et Société [online], 18(3), 275–295. Available from: https://www.persee.fr/doc/ds_0378-7931_1994_num_18_3_1346 [Accessed 16 May 2022].

Bottoms, A., 1999. Interpersonal violence and social order in prisons. Crime and Justice, 26, 205–281.

Bourdieu, P., 1987. The force of law: Toward a sociology of the juridical field. Hastings Law Journal, 38(5), 814–853.

Carbonnier, J., 1972. Sociologie Juridique. Paris: Colin.

Chantraine, G., 2013. Prisons under the lens of ethnographic criticism: Gilles Chantraine advocates for ethnographies of the social uses of law in prisons. Criminal Justice Matters, 91(1), 30–31.

Cherchi, C., 2016. Curare il carcere. Note sul passaggio di competenze in materia di sanità penitenziaria. Antigone [online], 1/2, 219–232. Available from: https://www.antigone.it/rivista-archivio/Antigone_1_2%202016.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2022].

Church, T.W., 1985. Examining local legal culture. American Bar Foundation Research Journal, 10(3), 449–518.

Clemmer, D., 1940. The prison community. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Cotterrell, R., 1997. The concept of legal culture. In: D. Nelken, ed., Comparing legal cultures. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Crawley, E., 2011. Doing prison work: The public and private lives of prison officers. New York: Routledge.

Crewe, B., 2011a. Depth, weight, tightness: Revisiting the pains of imprisonment. Punishment & Society, 13, 509–529.

Crewe, B., 2011b. Soft power in prison: Implications for staff–prisoner relationships, liberty and legitimacy. European Journal of Criminology, 8(6), 455–468.

Dal Lago, A., and De Biasi, R., 2002. Un Certo Sguardo: Introduzione all’Etnografia Sociale. Rome/Bari: Laterza.

Degenhardt, T., and Vianello, F., 2010. Convict criminology: Provocazioni da oltreoceano. La ricerca etnografica in carcere. Studi sulla questione criminale 6(1), 9–23.

Di Marco, A., and Venturella, M., 2016. Il carcere oltre il carcere. Etnografia e Ricerca Qualitativa [online], 2, 339–350. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3240/84125 [Accessed 16 May 2022].

Drake, D., 2011. The “Dangerous other” in Maximum-Security Prison. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 11(4), 367–382.

Drake, D., Earle, R., and Sloan., J., eds., 2015. The Palgrave handbook of prison ethnography. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Farkas, M.A., 2000. A typology of correctional officers. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44(4), 431–449.

Ferrari, V., 2004. Diritto e società: Elementi di sociologia del diritto. Bari: Laterza.

Ferreccio, V., and Vianello, F., 2014. Doing research in prison: How to resist institutional pressures. In: K. Lumsden and A. Winter, eds., Reflexivity in Criminological Research. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 259–274.

Friedman, L.M., 1975. The legal system: A social science prospective. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Friedman, L.M., 1994. Is there a modern legal culture? Ratio Juris, 7(2), 117–131.

Gariglio, L., 2018. “Doing” Coercion in Male Custodial Settings: An Ethnography of Italian Prison Officers Using Force. London: Routledge.

Gariglio, L., 2019. Challenging prison officers’ discretion: “good reasons” to treat courteously mafiosi in custody in Italy. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography [online], 48(1), 80–102. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0891241617749012 [Accessed 16 May 2022].

Gilbert, M., 1997. The Illusion of Structure. A Critique of the Classical Model of Organization and the Discretionary Power of Correctional Officer. Criminal Justice Review, 22(1), 49–64.

Goffman, E., 1961. Asylums. New York: Anchor Books, Doubleday & Co.

Haggerty, K.D., and Bucerius, S.M., 2021. Picking battles: Correctional officers, rules, and discretion in prison. Criminology, 59(1), 137–157.

Hammersley, M., and Atkinson, P., 2007. Ethnography: principles in practice. London: Routledge.

Kalica, E., and Santorso, S., eds., 2018. Farsi la galera: Spazi e culture del penitenziario. Verona: Ombre Corte.

Kauffman, K., 1988. The Prison Officers and their World. London: Harvard University Press.

Liebling, A., 1992. Suicides in Prison. London: Routledge.

Liebling, A., 2000. Prison officers, policing and the use of discretion. Theoretical Criminology, 4(3), 333–357.

Liebling, A., 2008. Why prison staff culture matters. In: J.M. Byre, D. Hummer and F.S. Taxman, eds., The Culture of Prison Violence. Boston: Pearson.

Liebling, A., et al., 1999. Incentives and Earned Privileges in Prison. Research Findings No. 87. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.

Liebling, A., Price, D., and Shefer, G., 2011. The Prison Officer. 2nd ed. Oxon: Willan.

Light, S.C., 1991. Assaults on prison officers: Interactional themes. Justice Quarterly, 8(2), 243–261.

Maculan, A., 2014. Lo studio della polizia penitenziaria: Uno sguardo al di fuori dei confini italiani. Sociologia del diritto, 2, 111–136.

Maculan, A., and Santorso, S., 2018. Quotidianità detentiva: cella, sezione e soggettività recluse. In: E. Kalica and S. Santorso, eds., Farsi la galera: Spazi e culture del penitenziario. Verona: Ombre Corte.

Marquart, J.W., 1986. Prison guards and the use of physical coercion as a mechanism of prisoner control. Criminology, 24(2), 347–366.

Mazza, L., and Montanara, G., 1992. La Polizia Penitenziaria. Turin: Giappichelli.

Mosconi, G., 2001. La crisi postmoderna del diritto penale e i suoi effetti sull’istituzione penitenziaria. Rassegna Penitenziaria e Criminologica, 1/3, 3–35.

Nelken, D., 1995. Disclosing/invoking legal culture: an introduction. Social & Legal Studies, 4(4), 435–452.

Nelken, D., 2014. Thinking about legal culture. Asian Journal of Law and Society, 1(2), 255–274.

Pennisi, C., et al., 2018. Amministrazione, cultura giuridica e ricerca empirica. Santarcangelo di Romagna: Maggioli.

Prina, F., 2018. Il penitenziario come campo di osservazione privilegiato delle sfide dell’amministrare. In: C. Pennisi et al., eds., Amministrazione, cultura giuridica e ricerca empirica. Santarcangelo di Romagna: Maggioli.

Ronco, D., 2014. La salute negata: Processi di esclusione nelle carceri italiane. Studi sulla questione criminale, 3, 107–126.

Ronco, D., 2018. Cura sotto controllo: Il diritto alla salute in carcere. Rome: Carocci.

Salle, G., and Chantraine, G., 2009. Le droit emprisonné? Sociologie des usages sociaux du droit en prison. Politix, 87(3), 93–117.

Sarzotti, C., 2000. Carcere e cultura giuridica: L’ambivalenza dell’istituzione totale. Dei delitti e delle pene, 1(2), 77–126.

Sarzotti, C., 2010. Il campo giuridico del penitenziario: appunti per una ricostruzione. In: E. Santoro, ed., Diritto come questione sociale. Turin: Giappichelli.

Sbraccia, A., 2018. Contenere il malessere? Salute e socialità in carcere. In: E. Kalica and S. Santorso, eds., Farsi la galera: Spazi e culture del penitenziario. Verona: Ombre Corte.

Sbraccia, A., and Vianello, F., 2016. Introduzione. Carcere, ricerca sociologica, etnografia. Etnografia e ricerca qualitativa, 2, 183–210.

Scivoletto, C., 2018. Salute e carcere: polarità per la ricerca sociologico-giuridica. Uno studio-pilota in Emilia-Romagna. In: C. Pennisi et al., eds., Amministrazione, cultura giuridica e ricerca empirica. Santarcangelo di Romagna: Maggioli.

Scott, D., 2008. Creating ghosts in the penal machine: Prison officer occupational morality and the techniques of denial. In: J. Bennett, B. Crewe and A. Wahidin, eds., Understanding Prison Staff. Cullompton: Willan.

Shah, A., 2017. Ethnography? Participant observation, a potentially revolutionary praxis. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory [online], 7(1), 45–59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14318/hau7.1.008 [Accessed 16 May 2022].

Signori, R., 2016. Autorità e identità in carcere: Le risposte ai cambiamenti organizzativi del personale di polizia penitenziaria. Etnografia e Ricerca Qualitativa, 2, 249–266.

Sim, J., 2008. “An inconvenient criminological truth”: Pain, punishment and prison officers. In: J. Bennett, B. Crewe and A. Wahidin, eds., Understanding Prison Staff. Cullompton: Willan.

Sparks, R., Bottoms, A.E., and Hay, W., 1996. Prisons and the problem of order. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Starnini, G., 2009. Il passaggio della sanità penitenziaria al Servizio sanitario nazionale. Autonomie locali e servizi sociali [online], 32(1), 3–14. Available from: http://www.ristretti.it/commenti/2009/settembre/pdf7/articolo_starnini.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2022].

Sterchele, L., 2020. Il principio di less eligibility alla prova della ricerca etnografica: Considerazioni a partire da una ricerca sul Servizio sanitario in carcere. Autonomie locali e servizi sociali, 3, 481–493.

Sterchele, L., 2021. Il carcere invisibile: Etnografia dei saperi medici e psichiatrici nell’arcipelago carcerario. Milan: Meltemi.

Sykes, G.M., 1958. The Society of Captives: Study of a Maximum-Security Prison. Princeton University Press.

Symkovych, A., 2019. The legal and illegal use of force by prison officers in Ukraine. The Prison Journal [online], 99(1), 89–111. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032885518814728 [Accessed 16 May 2022].

Tait, S., 2011. A typology of prison officer approaches to care. European Journal of Criminology, 8(6), 440–454.

Torrente, G., 2016a. “Mi raccomando, non fategli del male”: La violenza del carcere nelle pratiche decisionali degli operatori. Etnografia e ricerca qualitativa, 2, 267–283.

Torrente, G., 2016b. “Saper farsi la galera”. Pratiche di resistenza (e di sopravvivenza) degli immigrati detenuti. Sociologia del diritto, 43(1).

Torrente, G., 2018. Le regole della galera: Pratiche penitenziarie, educatori e processi di criminalizzazione. Turin: L’Harmattan Italia.

Ugelvik, T., 2014. Power and resistance in prison: Doing time, doing freedom. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Vianello, F., 2012. Il carcere: Sociologia del penitenziario. Rome: Carocci.

Vianello, F., 2018. Norme, codici e condotte: la cultura del penitenziario. Gli attori sociali di fronte alla criticità dell’ambiente carcerario. Sociologia del diritto, 3, 67–85.

Argitaratuta

2022-12-01

##submission.howToCite##

Maculan, A. eta Sterchele, L. (2022) «The "left" and "right" arm of the prison: Prison work and the local legal culture of the penitentiary », Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 12(6), or. 1492–1517. doi: 10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1310.

Zenbakia

Atala

Facts within legal culture