Online activism and street harassment
Critical cartographies, counter-mapping and spatial justice
##plugins.pubIds.doi.readerDisplayName##:
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1144Gako-hitzak:
Street harassment, digital criminology, activism, critical cartography, crime mappingLaburpena
Social media and activist sites have provided an avenue to contest the dominant framing of street harassment as ‘trivial’ and have sought to make street harassment and its harms visible. To date, digital activism has been analysed and conceptualised in relation to its potential as a counter-public forum that enables collective action and resistance, political mobilisation, ‘speaking out’ and consciousness raising, and as a site of informal or innovative justice. I aim to build on this literature by examining the potential for the activist sites Hollaback!, @catcallsofnyc and @dearcatcallers to function as a form of ‘counter-mapping’, contributing towards broader social justice efforts to disrupt and transform dominant productions of space/place. I examine the tensions created by these digital practices, particularly with regards to whether they disrupt the production of space/place or, rather, reinforce urban space as a gendered ‘threatscape’.
##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##
Metrics
Downloads:
PDF (English) 1306
XML (English) 195
Erreferentziak
Ahmed, S., 2017. Living a feminist life [online]. Durham: Duke University Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822373377 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822373377
Allen, T., and Queen, S., 2015. Beyond the map: Unpacking critical cartography in the digital humanities. Visible Language [online], 49(3), 79-98. Available from: https://design.ncsu.edu/co-lab/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Visible-Language-CM-2015-Allen-Queen-78-99.pdf [Accessed 23 January 2020].
Barker, M.J., and Iantaffi, A., 2019. Life Isn’t Binary: On Being Both, Beyond, and In-Between. London/Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781805014737
Bartlett, L., and Vavrus, F., 2017. Rethinking Case Study Research: A Comparative Approach [online]. New York: Routledge. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315674889 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315674889
Bittner, C., 2016. OpenStreetMap in Israel and Palestine – “game changer” of reproducer of contested cartographies? Political Geography [online], 57, 34-48. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2016.11.010 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2016.11.010
Bittner, C., Glasze, G., and Turk, C., 2013. Tracing contingencies: Analysing the political in assemblages of web 2.0 cartographies. Geo Journal [online], 78(6), 935-948. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-013-9488-8 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-013-9488-8
Boyd, P.J., 2017. Oi you! Catcallers and street harassers – your time is nearly up. The Guardian [online], 28 November. Accessed 4 October 2019 Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/27/catcall-street-harassment-misogyny-metoo-girls-women-misogyny [Accessed 23 January 2020].
Clark, H., 2010. “What is the justice system willing to offer?” Understanding sexual assault victim/survivors’ criminal justice needs. Family Matters [online], nº 85, 28-37. Available from: https://aifs.gov.au/publications/family-matters/issue-85/what-justice-system-willing-offer [Accessed 23 January 2020].
Clark, H., 2015. A fair way to go: Justice for victim-survivors of sexual violence. In: A. Powell, N. Henry and A. Flynn, eds., Rape Justice: Beyond the Criminal Law [online]. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 18-35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137476159_2 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137476159_2
Crampton, J.W., 2009. Cartography: Performative, participatory, political. Progress in Human Geography [online], 33(6), 840-848. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132508105000 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132508105000
Crampton, J.W., and Krygier, J., 2005. An introduction to critical cartography. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies [online], 4(1), 11-33. Available from: https://acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/723 [Accessed 23 January 2020].
Dalton, C., and Mason-Deese, L., 2012. Counter (mapping) actions: Mapping as militant research. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies [online], 11(3), 439-466. Available from: https://www.acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/941 [Accessed 23 January 2020].
Daly, K., 2014. Reconceptualising sexual victimisation and justice. In: I. Vanfraechem, A. Pemberton and F.M. Mdahinda, eds., Justice for Victims: Perspectives on Rights, Transition and Reconciliation. Oxon: Routledge, 378-395.
Davis, D., 1994. The harm that has no name: Street harassment, embodiment, and African American women. UCLA Women’s Law Journal [online], 4, 133-178. Available from: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/83b9f21g [Accessed 23 January 2020].
dearcatcallers [@dearcatcallers], 2017. [Instagram post]. Instagram [online], 29 August. Available from: https://www.instagram.com/p/BYYSF_lljQp/ [Accessed 4 October 2019].
Dhillon, M., and Bakaya, S., 2014. Street harassment: A qualitative study of the experiences of young women in Delhi. SAGE Open [online], 20 July. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014543786 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014543786
Fairchild, K., 2010. Context effects on women’s perceptions of stranger harassment. Sexuality & Culture [online], 14, 191-216. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-010-9070-1 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-010-9070-1
Fanghanel, A., 2019. Disrupting Rape Culture: Public Space, Sexuality and Revolt [online]. Bristol University Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529202526.001.0001 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529202526.001.0001
Fileborn, B., 2014. Online justice and street harassment: Digital justice or shouting into the ether? Griffith Journal of Law & Human Dignity [online], 2(1), 32-51. Available from: https://griffithlawjournal.org/index.php/gjlhd/article/view/569 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.69970/gjlhd.v2i1.569
Fileborn, B., 2017. Justice 2.0: Street harassment victims’ use of social media and online activism as sites of informal justice. The British Journal of Criminology [online], 57(6), 1482-1501. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azw093 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azw093
Fileborn, B., 2018. Naming the unspeakable harm of street harassment: A survey-based examination of disclosure practices. Violence Against Women [online], epub ahead of print. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1077801218768709 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801218768709
Fileborn, B., and Loney-Howes, R., 2020. Using Social Media to Resist Gender Violence: A Global Perspective. In: E. Erez and P. Ibarra, eds., Oxford Encyclopedia of International Criminology [online]. Published online in June 2020. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.613 [Accessed 28 July 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.613
Fileborn, B., and Vera-Gray, F., 2017. “I want to be able to walk the street without fear”: Transforming justice for street harassment. Feminist Legal Studies [online], 25(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10691-017-9350-3 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10691-017-9350-3
Fileborn, B., forthcoming. Embodied geographies: Navigating street harassment. In: J. Berry et al., eds., Contentious Cities: Design and the Gendered Production of Space. London: Routledge.
Fogg-Davis, H.G., 2006. Theorizing Black lesbians within Black feminism: A critique of same-race street harassment. Politics & Gender [online], 2, 57-76. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X06060028 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X06060028
Hayward, K.J., 2012. Five spaces of cultural criminology. The British Journal of Criminology [online], 52(3), 441-462. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azs008 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azs008
Heiden, W., 2018. Coopting cops with maps: The rhetorical power of cartography in modern policing. Cartographica [online], 53(1), 62-71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3138/cart.53.1.2017-0026 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/cart.53.1.2017-0026
Henry, N., and Powell, A., 2015. Embodied harms: Gender, shame, and technology-facilitated sexual violence. Violence Against Women [online], 21(6), 758-779. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215576581 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215576581
Herman, J., 2005. Justice from the victim’s perspective. Violence Against Women [online], 11(5), 571-602. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801205274450 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801205274450
Johnson, M., and Bennett, E., 2015. Everyday Sexism: Australian Women’s Experiences of Street Harassment. Melbourne: The Australia Institute.
Kagal, N., Cowan, L., and Jawad, H., 2019. Beyond the bright lights: Are minoritized women outside the spotlight able to say #MeToo? In: B. Fileborn and R. Loney-Howes, eds., #MeToo and the Politics of Social Change [online]. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 133-149. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15213-0_9 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15213-0_9
Kern, L., 2005. In place and at home in the city: Connecting privilege, safety and belonging for women in Toronto. Gender, Place & Culture [online], 12, 357-377. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690500202590 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690500202590
Kim, A.M., 2015. Critical cartography 2.0: From “participatory mapping” to authored visualizations of power and people. Landscape and Urban Planning [online], 142, 215-225. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.07.012 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.07.012
Kindynis, T., 2014. Ripping up the map: Criminology and cartography reconsidered. British Journal of Criminology [online], 54, 222-243. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azt077 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azt077
Kissling, E.A., 1991. Street harassment: The language of sexual terrorism. Discourse & Society, 2(4), 451-460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926591002004006
Kitchin, R., and Dodge, M., 2007. Rethinking maps. Progress in Human Geography [online], 31(3), 331-344. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132507077082 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132507077082
Laniya, O.O., 2005. Street smut: Gender, media, and the legal power dynamics of street harassment, or “hey sexy” and other verbal ejaculations. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, 14(1), 91-130.
Lenton, R., et al., 1999. Sexual harassment in public places: Experiences of Canadian women. Canadian Review of Sociology [online], 36, 517-540. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.1999.tb00962.x [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.1999.tb00962.x
Loney-Howes, R., 2019. The politics of the personal: The evolution of anti-rape activism from second-wave feminism to #MeToo. In: B. Fileborn and R. Loney-Howes, eds., #MeToo and the Politics of Social Change [online]. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 21-35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15213-0_2 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15213-0_2
Maharawal, M.M., and McElroy, E., 2018. The anti-eviction mapping project: Counter mapping and oral history toward Bay Area housing justice. Annals of the American Association of Geographers [online], 108(2), 380-389. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2017.1365583 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2017.1365583
Markham, A., and Buchanan, E., 2012. Ethical decision-making and Internet research: Recommendations from the AoIR Ethics Working Committee (Version 2.0) [online]. Association of Internet Researchers. Available from: http://aoir.org/reports/ethics2.pdf [Accessed 23 January 2020].
Mason, G., 1993. Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men: Violence Prevention Today nº. 2. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
McGlynn, C., 2011. Feminism, rape and the search for justice. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies [online], 31, 825-842. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqr025 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqr025
McLafferty, S., 2005. Women and GIS: Geospatial technologies and feminist geographies. Cartographica [online], 40(4), 37-45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3138/1341-21JT-4P83-1651 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/1341-21JT-4P83-1651
Mendes, K., Keller, J., and Ringrose, J., 2018. Digitized narratives of sexual violence: Making sexual violence felt and known through digital disclosures. New Media & Society [online], online first, 1-21. 29 December. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818820069 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818820069
Mendes, K., Ringrose, J., and Keller, J., 2019. Digital Feminist Activism: Girls and Women Fight Back Against Rape Culture. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697846.001.0001
Nielsen, L.B., 2000. Situating legal consciousness: Experiences and attitudes of ordinary citizens about law and street harassment. Law & Society Review [online], 34, 1055-1090. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2307/3115131 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3115131
NYC Hollaback, no date. Share your story. NYC Hollaback [online]. Available from: https://nyc.ihollaback.org/share-your-story/ [Accessed 6 February 2020].
O’Neill, T., 2018. “Today I speak”: Exploring how victim-survivors use Reddit. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy [online], 7(1), 44-59. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i1.402 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i1.402
Parker, B., 2006. Constructing community through maps? Power and praxis in community mapping. The Professional Geographer [online], 58(4), 470-484. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9272.2006.00583.x [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9272.2006.00583.x
Plan International and OurWatch, 2016. A Right to the Night: Australian Girls on Their Safety in Public Places [online]. Melbourne: Plan International Australia & OurWatch. Available from: https://www.plan.org.au/learn/who-we-are/blog/2016/05/12/a-right-to-the-night [Accessed 23 January 2020].
Plan International, 2018. Unsafe in the City: Research into the Everyday Experiences of Girls and Young Women [online]. Report. Surrey: Plan International. Available from: https://plan-international.org/unsafe-city [Accessed 23 January 2020].
Powell, A., 2015. Seeking rape justice: Formal and informal responses to sexual violence through technosocial counter-publics. Theoretical Criminology [online], 19(4), 571-588. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480615576271 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480615576271
Reiz, N., O’Lear, S., and Tuininga, D., 2017. Exploring a critical legal cartography: Law, practice, and complexities. Geography Compass [online], 12e, 1-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12368 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12368
Salovaara, I., 2016. Participatory maps. Digital Journalism [online], 4(7), 827-837. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1173519 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1173519
Salter, M., 2013. Justice and revenge in online counter-publics: Emerging responses to sexual violence in the age of social media. Crime Media Culture [online], 9(3), 225-242. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659013493918 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659013493918
Serisier, T., 2018. Speaking Out: Feminism, Rape and Narrative Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98669-2
Stop Street Harassment, no date. Street harassment and the law [online]. Available from: http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/strategies/sshlaw/ [Accessed 27 January 2020]
Stratton, G., Powell, A., and Cameron, R., 2017. Crime and justice in digital society: Towards a “digital criminology”? International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy [online], 6(2), 17-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v6i2.355 [Accessed 6 February 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v6i2.355
Swanborn, P., 2010. Case Study Research: What, Why and How? [online]. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526485168 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526485168
Tuerkheimer, D., 1997. Street harassment as sexual subordination: The phenomenology of gender-specific harm. Wisconsin Women’s Law Journal, 12, 167-206.
Vera-Gray, F., 2016. Men’s Intrusion, Women’s Embodiment: A Critical Analysis of Street Harassment. London/New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315668109
Vera-Gray, F., 2018. The Right Amount of Panic: How Women Trade Freedom for Safety [online]. Bristol: Polity Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv301drp [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447342304
Vera-Gray, F., and Fileborn, B., 2018. Recognition and the harms of “cheer up”. The Philosophical Journal of Conflict and Violence [online], 2(1), 78-96. Available from: https://doi.org/10.22618/TP.PJCV.20182.1.171005 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22618/TP.PJCV.20182.1.171005
Willis, M., 2011. Non-disclosure of violence in Australian Indigenous communities. Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice [online], nº 405. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. Available from: https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi405 [Accessed 23 January 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52922/ti276840
Wood, M., 2017. Antisocial Media: Crime-Watching in the Internet Age. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
##submission.downloads##
Argitaratuta
##submission.howToCite##
Zenbakia
Atala
##submission.license##
##submission.copyrightStatement##
##submission.license.cc.by-nc-nd4.footer##OSLS strictly respects intellectual property rights and it is our policy that the author retains copyright, and articles are made available under a Creative Commons licence. The Creative Commons Non-Commercial Attribution No-Derivatives licence is our default licence, further details available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 If this is not acceptable to you, please contact us.
The non-exclusive permission you grant to us includes the rights to disseminate the bibliographic details of the article, including the abstract supplied by you, and to authorise others, including bibliographic databases, indexing and contents alerting services, to copy and communicate these details.
For information on how to share and store your own article at each stage of production from submission to final publication, please read our Self-Archiving and Sharing policy.
The Copyright Notice showing the author and co-authors, and the Creative Commons license will be displayed on the article, and you must agree to this as part of the submission process. Please ensure that all co-authors are properly attributed and that they understand and accept these terms.
