Próximo(s)

When the carer cannot come

Migrant care labour, mobility law and the fragile autonomy of old age in Singapore and Austria

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.2833

Palavras-chave:

Migrant care labour, home care, relational autonomy, continuity of care, comparative socio-legal studies

Resumo

How should law allocate responsibility when an older person's care at home depends on a migrant worker who becomes unavailable? This article compares Singapore's migrant domestic work arrangements with Austria's rotational live-in care market through legislation, contractual requirements, funding rules and published evidence of COVID-19 disruption in 2020–2021. Both systems already connect care needs with labour arrangements. The difficulty concerns what those connections secure. Funding eligibility, contractual information and priority entry procedures do not necessarily identify an actor responsible for procuring timely substitute assistance. The article distinguishes these obligations and examines whether intensive eldercare can adequately be organised as domestic work. It argues for assessed, graduated arrangements combining household support with funded relief and professional services. Continuity should protect the older person's practical choices without restricting a carer's freedom to leave, rest or refuse unsafe work.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

        Metrics

Estatísticas globais ℹ️

Totais acumulados desde a publicação
26
Visualizações
9
Downloads
35
Total

Biografia do Autor

Albert Tan, University of Groningen / Prince of Songkla University

PhD Researcher, Faculty of Law, University of Groningen, the Netherlands / Visiting Professor, Faculty of Law, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand. Correspondence: s.h.a.tan@rug.nl

Referências

Agency for Integrated Care (AIC), no date. Home Caregiving Grant [online]. Available at: https://www.aic.sg/Financial-Assistance/Home-Caregiving-Grant.

Association of Women for Action and Research (AWARE) and Humanitarian Organisation for Migration Economics (HOME), 2020. Neither family nor employee: The caregiver burden of migrant domestic workers in Singapore [online]. November. Available at: https://www.aware.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/Neither-Family-Nor-Employee-AWARE-HOME-Report-Nov-2020.pdf

Azman, N. D. B., et al., 2024. Informal caregiving time and its monetary value in the context of older adults in Singapore. Aging and Health Research [online], 4(2), 100193. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahr.2024.100193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahr.2024.100193

Bauer, G., and Österle, A., 2016. Mid and later life care work migration: patterns of re-organising informal care obligations in Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of Aging Studies [online], 37, 81–93. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2016.02.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2016.02.005

Bundesministerium für Soziales, Gesundheit, Pflege und Konsumentenschutz (BMSGPK), 2023. Richtlinien zur Unterstützung der 24-Stunden-Betreuung (§ 21b BPGG) [online]. Effective 1 September 2023. Available at: https://www.sozialministerium.gv.at/dam/jcr:9c23c7b6-c50c-4779-8522-435e87144b04/24-Stunden-Betreuungs-Richtlinien_gem._%C2%A7_21_b_BPGG_barrierefrei.pdf.

Chiu, H. C., and Yen, C. M., 2026. Live-in migrant care workers as part of the long-term care workforce in Taiwan, Singapore, and Austria: implications for home-based dementia care. Journal of Aging & Social Policy [online], 38(1), 54–70. First published online 23 October 2024. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2024.2415175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2024.2415175

European Commission, 2020. Guidelines concerning the exercise of the free movement of workers during COVID-19 outbreak, 2020/C 102 I/03. Official Journal of the European Union [online], CI 102, 30 March, 12–14. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020XC0330(03)

Federal Ministry of Economy, Energy and Tourism (Austria), no date. Personal care services [online]. Available at: https://www.bmwet.gv.at/en/Topics/Enterprise/Trades/Personal-care-services.html.

Federal Ministry of Social Affairs (Austria), 2026. Betreuende und pflegende Angehörige [online], section “Zuwendungen zu den Kosten der Ersatzpflege”. Updated 26 March. Available at: https://www.sozialministerium.gv.at/Themen/Pflege/Betreuende-und-Pflegende-Angehoerige.html.

Fonds Soziales Wien, 2018. Care and support in Vienna: Our services at a glance [online]. 8th ed. Vienna: Fonds Soziales Wien. Available at: https://www.fsw.at/downloads/broschueren/pflege_betreuung/pflege-und-betreuung-wien-englisch.pdf

Heng, J. L., Fan, E., and Chan, E. Y., 2019. Caregiving experiences, coping strategies and needs of foreign domestic workers caring for older people. Journal of Clinical Nursing [online], 28(3–4), 458–468. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14619 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14619

Leiblfinger, M., et al., 2021. Confronted with COVID-19: migrant live-in care during the pandemic. Global Social Policy [online], 21(3), 490–507. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/14680181211008340 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14680181211008340

Ministry of Manpower (MOM), 2021. Written answer by Minister for Manpower Dr Tan See Leng to PQ on MDW demand [online], 13 September. Available at: https://www.mom.gov.sg/newsroom/parliament-questions-and-replies/2021/0913-written-answer-by-minister-for-manpower-dr-tan-see-leng-to-pq-on-mdw-demand

Ministry of Manpower (MOM), 2026. Response to adjournment motion on migrant domestic workers [online], 13 January. Available at: https://www.mom.gov.sg/newsroom/speeches/2026/0113-response-to-adj-motion-on-mdws

Ministry of Manpower (MOM), no date-a. Employment rules for migrant domestic workers (MDWs) [online]. Available at: https://www.mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits/work-permit-for-foreign-domestic-worker/employers-guide/employment-rules.

Ministry of Manpower (MOM), no date-b. Foreign workforce numbers [online]. Data through June 2026. Available at: https://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-workforce-numbers.

Ministry of Manpower (MOM), no date-c. Levy concession for a migrant domestic worker (MDW) [online]. Available at: https://www.mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits/work-permit-for-foreign-domestic-worker/foreign-domestic-worker-levy/levy-concession.

Ministry of Manpower (MOM), no date-d. Rest days and well-being for migrant domestic workers [online]. Available at: https://www.mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits/work-permit-for-foreign-domestic-worker/employers-guide/rest-days-and-well-being.

Ministry of Manpower (MOM), no date-e. Transfer a migrant domestic worker (MDW) directly to a new employer [online]. Available at: https://www.mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits/work-permit-for-foreign-domestic-worker/transfer-to-a-new-employer.

Ministry of Manpower (MOM), no date-f. Who is covered by the Employment Act [online]. Available at: https://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/employment-act/who-is-covered.

Nedelsky, J., 1989. Reconceiving autonomy: sources, thoughts and possibilities. Yale Journal of Law and Feminism [online], 1(1), 7–36. Available at: https://openyls.law.yale.edu/entities/publication/b9ca2678-d136-4535-80c6-8536e5ea1ee3

Ortiga, Y. Y., Wee, K., and Yeoh, B. S. A., 2021. Connecting care chains and care diamonds: the elderly care skills regime in Singapore. Global Networks [online], 21(2), 434–454. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12281 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12281

Tam, W. J., et al., 2018. “I can’t do this alone”: A study on foreign domestic workers providing long-term care for frail seniors at home. International Psychogeriatrics [online], 30(9), 1269–1277. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610217002459 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610217002459

Publicado

2026-11-05

Como Citar

Tan, A. (2026) “When the carer cannot come: Migrant care labour, mobility law and the fragile autonomy of old age in Singapore and Austria”, Oñati Socio-Legal Series. doi: 10.35295/osls.iisl.2833.

Edição

Seção

Artigos temáticos