Disability employment equality in Karl Loewenstein’s Social Constitution Theory
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.2574Parole chiave:
equal employment opportunities, Karl Loewenstein, persons with disabilities, living constitutionAbstract
This study examines equal employment opportunities for persons with disabilities in Indonesia, applying Karl Loewenstein’s Social Constitution Theory. It focuses on how norms within the 1945 Constitution and its derivative regulations transform or fail to transform into a living constitution. Using a normative juridical method, the research evaluates provisions in Law No. 8 of 2016, Law No. 13 of 2003, alongside international instruments like the CRPD. The findings indicate that while Indonesia's legal framework guarantees non-discriminatory employment, practical implementation remains at a nominal constitutional stage. Structural barriers, non-inclusive recruitment practices, societal stigma, weak oversight, and a lack of effective sanctions continue to hinder the internalization of equality values. To address this, the study proposes establishing a National Disability Employment Accountability System (SAKDIN) and integrating disability inclusion indicators into organizational performance metrics. Ultimately, these findings reinforce Loewenstein’s view that constitutional effectiveness heavily depends on its capacity to shape actual social and institutional behavior.
Downloads
Metrics
Statistiche globali ℹ️
|
13
Visualizzazioni
|
0
Download
|
|
13
Totale
|
|
Riferimenti bibliografici
Abdussamad, Z., et al., 2023. Pendekatan Cultural Studies Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Penyandang Disabilitas Di Kabupaten Boalemo. Community Development Journal : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat [online], 4(2), 5272-5279. Available at: https://journal.universitaspahlawan.ac.id/index.php/cdj/article/view/16597
Abdussamad, Z., Muhtar, M. H., and Bakung, D. A., 2022. Legal model for fulfilling educational rights for persons with disabilities in the COVID-19 pandemic era. KnE Social Sciences [online], 3rd International Conference on Law Reform (3rd INCLAR). Available at: https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i15.12101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i15.12101
Ameri, M., et al., 2023. Telework during the pandemic: Patterns, challenges, and opportunities for people with disabilities. Disability and Health Journal [online], 16(2), 101406. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2022.101406 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2022.101406
Anggraini, N. K., and Susetyo, H., 2024. Fulfillment of the constitutional rights of persons with disabilities to employment opportunities in the banking industry of state-owned enterprises. Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities [online], 4(6), 2119-2132. Available at: https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v4i6.604 DOI: https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v4i6.604
Bhuta, N., 2025. Social rights and the origins of the social constitution: From collective natural rights to the social state. International Journal of Constitutional Law [online], 23(1), 11-60. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moaf015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moaf015
Blokker, P., and Thornhill, C., eds., 2017. Sociological constitutionalism [online]. Cambridge University Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316403808 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316403808
Brooks, J. D., and Von Schrader, S., 2025. An accommodation for whom? Has the COVID-19 pandemic changed the landscape of flexible and remote work for workers with disabilities? Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal [online], 37(3), 307-329. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-023-09472-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-023-09472-3
Chen, A. H. Y., 2014. The achievement of constitutionalism in Asia. In: A. H. Y. Chen, Constitutionalism in Asia in the Early Twenty-First Century [online]. Cambridge University Press, 1-31. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107338333.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107338333.002
Costa, R. S. M., 2024b. Rethinking constitutional ontology. Revus [online], 52. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4000/revus.9956 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/revus.9956
Cravero, C., 2017. Socially responsible public procurement and set-asides: A comparative analysis of the US, Canada and the EU. Arctic Review on Law and Politics [online], 8. Available at: https://doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v8.739 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v8.739
Dada, S., et al., 2023. The importance of SDG 17 and equitable partnerships in maximising participation of persons with communication disabilities and their families. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology [online], 25(1), 183-187. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2022.2150310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2022.2150310
Dewi, U., et al., 2020. Employment governance for people with disabilities: comparative study between Indonesia and Malaysia. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research [online], Proceedings of the International Conference on Educational Research and Innovation (ICERI 2019). Available at: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200204.043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200204.043
Golia, A. J., and Teubner, G., 2021. Societal constitutionalism: Background, theory, debates. ICL Journal [online], 15(4), 357-411. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1515/icl-2021-0023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/icl-2021-0023
Hirschl, R., 2014. Comparative matters: The renaissance of comparative constitutional law. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781002704.00020
Indra, M., Saragih, G. M., and Muhtar, M. H., 2023. Strength of Constitutional Court decisions in judicial review of the 1945 Constitution in Indonesia. Jurnal Konstitusi [online], 20(2), 279-299. Available at: https://doi.org/10.31078/jk2026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31078/jk2026
Isneini, M., and Luthfianto, F. P., 2025. Leave no one behind at Indonesian construction [online]. Direktorat Jenderal Bina Konstruksi. Direktorat Jenderal Bina Konstruksi Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum. 6 January. Available at: https://binakonstruksi.pu.go.id/publikasi/karya-tulis/leave-no-one-behind-at-indonesian-construction/
Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan Republik Indonesia, 2024. Penempatan tenaga kerja disabilitas Triwulan I–II tahun 2024 [online]. Satu Data Ketenagakerjaan. Available at: https://satudata.kemnaker.go.id/data/kumpulan-data/2402
Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Pembangunan Manusia dan Kebudayaan, 2021. Pemerintah kuatkan implementasi unit layanan disabilitas bidang ketenagakerjaan [online]. 16 February. Available at: https://www.kemenkopmk.go.id/index.php/pemerintah-kuatkan-implementasi-unit-layanan-disabilitas-bidang-ketenagakerjaan
Khater, M., et al., 2025. The role of assistive technology in reinforcing the rights of persons with disabilities to employment from a legal perspective. International Journal of Law and Management [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-04-2025-0151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-04-2025-0151
Law, D. S., and Versteeg, M., 2013. Sham constitutions. California Law Review [online], 101, 863. Available at: https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/calr101§ion=25
Loewenstein, K., 1955. Reflections on the value of constitutions in our revolutionary age. In: A. J. Zurcher, ed., Constitutions and constitutional trends since World War II (2nd ed., vol. 2). New York University Press, 203-206.
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, 2022. Putusan Nomor 93/PUU-XX/2022 [online]. Available at: https://www.mkri.id/public/content/persidangan/putusan/putusan_mkri_9136_1690788668.pdf
Malik, F., et al., 2021. Legal protection for people with disabilities in the perspective of human rights in Indonesia. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology [online], 10, 538-547. Available at: https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.62 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.62
Montaldo, S., 2016. On a collision course! Mutual recognition, mutual trust and the protection of fundamental rights in the recent case-law of the Court of Justice. European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration [online], 1(3), 965-996. Available at: https://doi.org/10.15166/2499-8249/113
Nilsen, P., 2015. Making sense of implementation theories, models and frameworks. Implementation Science [online], 10(1), 53. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0242-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0242-0
Noviasari, D. T., and Nurwati, N., 2020. Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Disabilitas dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia. Borobudur Law Review [online], 2(1), 16-29. Available at: https://doi.org/10.31603/burrev.3921 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31603/burrev.3921
Nurhayati, S. P., et al., 2025. Protection of Disability in the World of Work Through Law Number 8 of 2016. Disable [online], 1(1), 1-14. Available at: https://doi.org/10.26740/disable.v1i1.40360 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26740/disable.v1i1.40360
Nurhayati, S., 2020. Social inclusion for persons with disabilities through access to employment in Indonesia. Prophetic Law Review [online], 2(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.20885/PLR.vol2.iss1.art1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20885/PLR.vol2.iss1.art1
Přibáň, J., 2019. Constitutional values as the normalisation of societal power: From a moral transvaluation to a systemic self-valuation. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law [online], 11(2-3), 451-459. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-019-00111-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-019-00111-4
Purnomosidi, A., 2017. Konsep Perlindungan Hak Konstitusional Penyandang Disabilitas Di Indonesia. Refleksi Hukum: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum [online], 1(2), 161. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24246/jrh.2017.v1.i2.p161-174 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24246/jrh.2017.v1.i2.p161-174
Puspitawati, D., and Darmadha, I. N., 2019. Pengaturan Perlindungan Hukum Sebagai Pekerja Gojek Bagi Penyandang Disabilitas Tuna Rungu Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003. Kertha Semaya : Journal Ilmu Hukum [online], 7(3), 1. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24843/KM.2019.v07.i03.p11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/KM.2019.v07.i03.p11
Putri, A. A., Wiryadi, U., and Nugraha, W., 2024. Implementasi Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2016 terkait pemenuhan hak atas pekerjaan bagi penyandang disabilitas di Kota Bekasi. Krisna Law: Jurnal Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum Universitas Krisnadwipayana [online], 6(2), 1-9. Available at: https://ejournal.hukumunkris.id/index.php/krisnalaw/article/view/899
Rosdianti, Y., 2021. Quo Vadis Komisi Nasional Disabilitas? Jurnal HAM [online], 12(2), 209. Available at: https://doi.org/10.30641/ham.2021.12.209-226 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30641/ham.2021.12.209-226
S., L. A., Ratnawati, E., and Razak, A. A., 2024. Legal guarantees for persons with disabilities to secure decent work: A human rights perspective from Indonesia. Jurnal Wawasan Yuridika [online], 8(2), 94-112. Available at: https://doi.org/10.25072/jwy.v8i2.4463 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25072/jwy.v8i2.4463
Shalf, J., 2020. The future of computing beyond Moore’s Law. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences [online], 378(2166), 20190061. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0061
Situmorang, A. G. C., and Kusuma, W., 2023. Implementasi Convention on The Rights of Persons With Disabilities (CRPD) Terhadap Akses Pekerjaan Dan Lapangan Kerja Bagi Penyandang Disabilitas Di Indonesia. Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law [online], 4(2), 165-199. Available at: https://doi.org/10.22437/up.v4i2.23674 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22437/up.v4i2.23674
Stephenson, J. H., and Persadie, N., 2023. Disability, employment and the law: Lessons for Caribbean countries from Australia and the United Kingdom. In: J. H. Stephenson and N. Persadie, Disability in the workplace [online]. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 189-213. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19340-8_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19340-8_8
Susetiyo, W., 2025. Pendekatan Hermeneutika Hukum: Metode Interpretasi untuk Memahami Makna Hukum Secara Holistik. Jurnal Supremasi [online], 15(1), 148-159. Available at: https://doi.org/10.35457/supremasi.v15i1.4170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35457/supremasi.v15i1.4170
The PRAKARSA, 2022a. Kebijakan kuota dan peningkatan partisipasi penyandang disabilitas dalam pasar kerja: Jauh panggang dari api? (Policy Brief No. 03/2022) [online]. Available at: https://repository.theprakarsa.org/media/publications/409019-kebijakan-kuota-dan-peningkatan-partisip-97f6a6c0.pdf
The PRAKARSA, 2022b. Kebijakan Kuota Pekerjaan Penyandang Disabilitas: Tantangan Dan Rekomendasi. The PRAKARSA. https://theprakarsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Policy-Brief-31-Kebijakan-Kuota-dan-Peningkatan-Partisipasi-Penyandang-Disabilitas-dalam-Pasar-Kerja.pdf
Thea, D. A., 2017. Putusan kasus penyandang disabilitas momentum perbaiki layanan publik. Hukumonline [online], 7 December. Available at: https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/putusan-kasus-penyandang-disabilitas-momentum-perbaiki-layanan-publik-lt5a29209ceabec/
Thornhill, C., 2011. A sociology of constitutions: Constitutions and state legitimacy in historical-sociological perspective. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511895067
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2022. The right of persons with disabilities to work and employment.
Vatter, M., 2021. Living law [online]. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197546505.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197546505.001.0001
Winarno, J., et al., 2021. Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak—Hak Pekerja Tanpa Perjanjian Kerja Berdasarkan Undang- Undang No. 13 Tahun 2003 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan. Jurnal Independent, 9(2), 36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30736/ji.v9i2.149
##submission.downloads##
Pubblicato
Come citare
Fascicolo
Sezione
Licenza
Copyright (c) 2026 Weny Almoravid Dungga, Fence M. Wantu, Mohamad Hidayat Muhtar
Questo lavoro è fornito con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Non opere derivate 4.0 Internazionale.
OSLS strictly respects intellectual property rights and it is our policy that the author retains copyright, and articles are made available under a Creative Commons licence. The Creative Commons Non-Commercial Attribution No-Derivatives licence is our default licence and it regulates how others can use your work. Further details available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 If this is not acceptable to you, please contact us.
The non-exclusive permission you grant to us includes the rights to disseminate the bibliographic details of the article, including the abstract supplied by you, and to authorise others, including bibliographic databases, indexing and contents alerting services, to copy and communicate these details.
For information on how to share and store your own article at each stage of production from submission to final publication, please read our Self-Archiving and Sharing policy.
The Copyright Notice showing the author and co-authors, and the Creative Commons license will be displayed on the article, and you must agree to this as part of the submission process. Please ensure that all co-authors are properly attributed and that they understand and accept these terms.
