Defensive urbanism and local governance
Perspectives from the Basque Country
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1138Mots-clés :
Defensive urbanism, homelessness, glocalisation, social control, punitivismRésumé
In contrast with the perspective of local safety audits for women, which aim to promote the democratic use of public space in the context of inclusive urbanism or pro-social design, defensive urbanism is a term that has been related to situational prevention in order to bar or restrict the use of public space by several stigmatised groups. This trend can be understood in terms of the broken windows theory and zero tolerance approaches in criminology as well as of social exclusion in globalised cities. This paper will tackle the origin and development of the concept of defensive urbanism, as a kind of local governance related to broader trends in securatisation, as well as its visible ramifications in some administrative regulations in some Basque municipalities.
Téléchargements
Metrics
Downloads:
PDF_11_6_Varona_OSLS (English) 298
XML_11_6_Varona_OSLS (English) 41
Références
Andersson, J., 2015. Wilding in the West Village: Queer space, racism and Jane Jacobs hagiography. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research [online], 39(2), 265–283. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12188 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12188
Aramayona B., 2020. “Fear, disgust and dignity”: The securitisation of everyday life and the new revanchism against the urban subaltern in a working-class area of Madrid. In: M. Smagacz-Poziemska et al., eds., Inequality and Uncertainty [online]. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 87–104. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9162-1_5 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9162-1_5
Arnold, E., 2019. Aesthetics of zero tolerance. City. Analysis of urban trends, culture, theory, policy, action [online], 23(2), 1–27. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2019.1615758 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2019.1615758
Basque Government, 2018. Estrategia vasca para personas sin hogar 2018–2021 [online]. Vitoria/Gasteiz: Gobierno Vasco, Departamento de Empleo y Políticas Sociales. Available from: https://www.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/instrumento_valoracion/es_instrume/adjuntos/ESTRATEGIA%20VASCA%20PARA%20PERSONAS%20SIN%20HOGAR%202018-2021%20castellano.pdf [Access 23 June 2020].
Bauman, Z., 2013. Liquid Fear. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Bell, L., 2019. Breaking down broken windows: An analysis of quality of life policing and equality [online]. Doctoral dissertation, Criminology/Criminal Justice. Columbus: The Ohio State University. May. Available from: https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/87587/1/BDBW_Bell_thesis.pdf [Access 28 December 2019].
Berg, M.L., Gidley, B., and Krausova, A., 2019. Welfare micropublics and inequality: urban super-diversity in a time of austerity. Ethnic and Racial Studies [online], 42(15), 1–20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2018.1557728 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2018.1557728
Bianchini, F., and Bloomfield, J., 2012. Porous cities. Eurozine [online], 13 July. Available from: https://www.eurozine.com/porous-cities/ [Access 28 December 2019].
Campbell, C.M., 2015. Popular punitivism: Finding a balance between the politics, presentation, and fear of crime. Sociology Compass [online], 9(3), 180–195. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12249 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12249
Chambliss, W.J., 1964. A sociological analysis of the law of vagrancy. Social Problems [online], 12(1), 67–77. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2307/798699 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/798699
Cohen, S., 1979. The punitive city: notes on the dispersal of social control. Crime, law and social change [online], 3(4), 339–363. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00729115 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00729115
Copeland, J., ed., 2004. The Essential Turing. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198250791.001.0001
Cortina, A., 2017. Aporofobia, el rechazo al pobre: Un desafío para la democracia. Barcelona: Paidós.
Cozens, P., and Hillier, D., 2012. Revisiting Jane Jacobs’s ‘eyes on the street’ for the twenty-first century: Evidence from environmental criminology. In: S. Hirt and S. Zahm, eds., The Urban Wisdom of Jane Jacobs. New York: Routledge, 202–220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203095171-23
Crawford, A., 2011. From the shopping mall to the street corner: dynamics of exclusion in the governance of public space. In: A. Crawford, ed., International and Comparative Criminal Justice and Urban Governance: Convergence and Divergence in Global, National and Local Settings [online]. Cambridge University Press, 483–518. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511974953.019 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511974953.019
Cutting Crime Impact Project, no date. Introduction to CCI [online]. Website. Available from: https://www.cuttingcrimeimpact.eu/about/introduction-to-cci/ [Access 28 December 2019].
De Giorgi, A., 2005. Tolerancia Cero: Estrategias y prácticas de la sociedad de control. Trans.: I. Rivera and M. Monclús. Bilbao: Virus.
Díez Ripollés, J.L., 2014. El control de espacios públicos como técnica de exclusión social. Algunos contrastes regionales. Revista Española de Investigación Criminológica: REIC [online], 12, 4–28. Available from: https://reic.criminologia.net/index.php/journal/article/view/82 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46381/reic.v12i0.82
Duneier, M., 1999. Sidewalk. New York: Macmillan.
El País, 2016. PSV Eindhoven fans humiliate beggars in Madrid’s Plaza Mayor. El País [online], 16 March. Available from: https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/03/16/inenglish/1458140287_047764.html [Access 28 December 2019].
European Commission, no date. Internal Security Strategy [online]. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/e-library/glossary/internal-security-strategy_en [Access 28 December 2019].
European Forum for Urban Safety, 2019. BRIDGE: Building resilience to reduce polarisation and growing extremism [online]. Webpage. Paris: EFUS. Available from: https://efus.eu/en/topics/%ACtivity%25/16652/ [Access 28 December 2019].
García, S., and Ávila, D., eds., 2015. Enclaves de riesgo: Gobierno neoliberal, desigualdad y control social [online]. Madrid: Traficantes de Sueños. Available from: https://www.traficantes.net/sites/default/files/pdfs/Enclaves%20de%20riesgo%20-%20Traficantes%20de%20Sue%C3%B1os.pdf [Access 23 June 2020].
Garland, D., 2012. La cultura del control: Crimen y orden social en la sociedad contemporánea. Trans.: M. Sozzo. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Giglioli, D., 2014. Critica della vittima: Un esperimento con l’etica. Rome: Nottetempo.
Grant, J.L., 2017. Time, scale, and control: How new urbanism mis(uses) Jane Jacobs. In: M. Pagel and T. Mennel, eds., Reconsidering Jane Jacobs [online]. New York: Routledge, 91–176. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351179775-5 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351179775-5
Guillén, N.A., 2018. El régimen jurídico de la convivencia y de la protección del espacio público. Revista Aragonesa de Administración Pública [online], 51, 65–108. Available from: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6519744.pdf [Access 23 June 2020].
Harvey, D., 2012. Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. London: Verso books.
HDRO Outreach, no date. What is human development? [online]. United Nations Development Programme. Available from: http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/what-human-development [Access 28 December 2019].
Hernandez, A., and Baltz, L., 1995. Forever homeless: A dialogue. In: A. Hernandez, Landscapes for the homeless. Sprengel Museum Hannover.
Human Rights Watch, no date. Terrorism / counterterrorism [online]. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/topic/terrorism-counterterrorism [Access 28 December 2019].
Hyde, C.A., and Galpern, C., 2019. Human rights based social work and new right populism. In: J. Fischer and K. Dunn, eds., Stifled Progress - International Perspectives on Social Work and Social Policy in the Era of Right-Wing Populism [online]. Toronto: Barbara Budrich, 191–2014. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvfrxr60.16 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvfrxr60.16
Iglesias-Lucía, M., 2018. Prostitución y ordenanzas cívicas: de regular “sobre” a regular “con”. Crítica Penal y Poder [online], nº 15, 110–129. Available from: http://www.feministas.org/IMG/pdf/3_prostitucion_y_ordenanzas_civicas_de_regular_sobre_a_regular_con_de_monserrat_iglesias.pdf [Access 23 June 2020].
Jacobs, J., 1961. The death and life of great American cities. New York: Random House.
Jacobs, J., 2019. Cuatro entrevistas. Trans.: M. Serrano Giménez. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili.
Jain, L., 2019. Introduction. In: L. Jain, Things that Art: A Graphic Menagerie of Enchanting Curiosity. University of Toronto Press.
Knutagård, M., and Kristiansen, A., 2013. Not by the book: The Emergence and translation of Housing First in Sweden. European Journal of Homelessness, 7(1), 93–115.
Larrauri, E., 2007. Ayuntamientos de izquierdas y control del delito: Conferencia de Clausura del IV Congreso Español de Criminología. InDret: revista para el análisis del derecho [online], 3, 449. Available from: https://indret.com/wp-content/themes/indret/pdf/449_es.pdf [Access 23 June 2020].
Lasagabaster, I., 2018. I. Normativa local reguladora del espacio público: ordenanza y ciudadanía. In: J.I. Cubero Marcos and I. Lasagabaster Herrarte, eds., Espacio público y Ordenanzas locales: estudio sobre su régimen jurídico. Vitoria/Gasteiz: Instituto Vasco de Administración Pública / Herri Arduralaritzaren Euskal Erakundea, Gobierno Vasco, 21–72.
Laurenson, P., and Collins, D., 2007. Beyond punitive regulation? New Zealand local governments' responses to homelessness. Antipode [online], 39(4), 649–667. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00545.x [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00545.x
Lefebvre, H., 1968. Le droit à la ville. Paris: Anthropos.
Makin, D.A., 2013. Popular punitivism and cultural mediation: The case of Spain. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice [online], 41(3), 60–276. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2013.06.005 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2013.06.005
Marín, J., 2018. El indigente que se dejó tatuar la frente a cambio de dinero denuncia los hechos: “Si vives en la calle y te dan 100 euros es como si te tocase la lotería”. El País, 4 August, p. 20.
Mazzucato, M., 2018. The Value of Everything. New York: Public Affairs.
Melossi, D., 2004. Theories of social control and the state between American and European shores. In: C. Sumner, ed., Blackwell Companion to Criminology. Oxford: Blackwell, 33–48.
Minder, R., 2019. Filling Oreo with toothpaste earns YouTube prankster a jail sentence, The New York Times [online], 2 June. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/02/world/europe/oreos-toothpaste-youtube-prank.html [Access 28 December 2019].
Mínguez, C., Piñeira, M.J., and Fernández-Tabales, A., 2019. Social vulnerability and touristification of historic centers. Sustainability [online], 11(16), 4478. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164478 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164478
Moser, C.O.N., 2004. Urban Violence and Insecurity: An Introductory Roadmap. Environment and Urbanization, 16(2), 3–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780401600220
Moskos, P., 2012. James Q. Wilson’s Practical Humanity and Contribution to Criminal Justice Education. Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, 5, 28–30.
Newman, O., 1972. Defensible Space. New York: Macmillan.
Notes de Seguretat, 2019. Paul van Soomeren: “Public safety and security policies are like a clockwork pendulum”. [Interview]. Notes de Seguretat [online], 1 July. Available from: https://notesdeseguretat.blog.gencat.cat/2019/07/01/paul-van-soomeren-public-safety-and-security-policies-are-like-a-clockwork-pendulum/ [Access 28 December 2019].
O’Brien, D.T., Farrell, C., and Welsh, B.C., 2019. Broken (windows) theory: A meta-analysis of the evidence for the pathways from neighborhood disorder to resident health outcomes and behaviors. Social Science & Medicine [online], 228, 272–292. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.11.015 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.11.015
Oldenburg, R., 1989. The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, Beauty Parlours, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You Through the Day. New York: Paragon House.
Prins, R., 2016. How Local Processes of Securitization Have Affected the Position and Role of Dutch Mayors. The Hague: Eleven.
Purcell, M., 2014. Possible worlds: Henri Lefebvre and the right to the city. Journal of urban affairs [online], 36(1), 141–154. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12034 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12034
Ray, R., and Tillman, K., 2018. Envisioning a feminist urban ethnography: Structure, culture, and new directions in poverty studies. Sociology Compass [online], 13(1), 1–10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12652 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12652
Redondo, S., 2009. In-tolerancia cero: Un mundo con menos normas, controles y sanciones también sería posible (y quizá nos gustaría más). Madrid: Sello.
Rieff, D., 2003. A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis. London: Simon & Schuster.
Sassen, S., 2010. The city: Its return as a lens for social theory. City, Culture and Society [online], 1(1), 3–11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2010.04.003 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2010.04.003
Scheerer, S., 2000. Millennium: The managerial, the populist and the road towards global justice. In: P. Green and A. Rutherford, eds., Criminal Policy in Transition. Portland: Hart, 243–260.
Secchi, B., 2015. La ciudad de los ricos y la ciudad de los pobres. Madrid: Catarata.
Selmini, R., 2016. Reflections on the burqini and punitiveness in Europe. Criminology in Europe [online], 15(3), p. 2. Available from: https://www.esc-eurocrim.org/images/esc/newsletters/ESC_15_3_2016.pdf [Access 23 June 2020].
Semple, S., no date. Hostile Design [online]. Website. Available from: https://hostiledesign.org/ [Access 28 December 2019].
Sennet, R., 2019a. Construir y habitar: Ética para la ciudad. Barcelona: Anagrama.
Sennet, R., 2019b. The fight for the city. Eurozine [online], 14 February. Available from: https://www.eurozine.com/the-fight-for-the-city/ [Access 28 December 2019].
Shaw, A., 2018. Stuart Semple launches campaign to eradicate “hostile design” around the world. The Art Newspaper [online], 31 January. Available from: https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/stuart-semple-launches-campaign-to-eradicate-hostile-design-around-the-world/ [Access 28 December 2019].
Sobrino, C., 2018. Prostitución callejera y regulación jurídica española. Estado de la cuestión. InDret [online], 4. Available from: https://www.raco.cat/index.php/InDret/article/view/348316/439478 [Access 23 June 2020].
Stoneman, L., 2011. Is prevention inherently good? A deconstructionist approach to the prevention literature, policy and practice. Western Criminology Review, 12(2), 21–34.
Stumpf, J., 2006. The crimmigration crisis: Immigrants, crime, and sovereign power. American University Law Review [online], 56(2), 367–414. Available from: https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1274&context=aulr [Access 23 June 2020].
Swain, F., 2013. Designing the perfect anti-object. Medium [online], 5 December. Available from: https://medium.com/futures-exchange/designing-the-perfect-anti-object-49a184a6667a [Access 28 December 2019].
Swyngedouw, E., 2004. Globalisation or “glocalization”? Networks, territories and rescaling. Cambridge review of international affairs [online], 17(1), 25–48. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/0955757042000203632 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0955757042000203632
Varona, G., 2015. Beyond cartographies of women’s fear of crime: intersectionality, urban vulnerability and resilience through women safety audits in the Basque Country. Eguzkilore. Cuaderno del Instituto Vasco de Criminología, 29, 325–344.
Varona, G., Francés, P., and Zuloaga, L., 2019. Mitos sobre delincuentes y víctimas: Argumentos contra la falsedad y la manipulación. Madrid: Catarata.
Vertovec, S., 2007. Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies [online], 30(6), 1024–1054. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701599465 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701599465
Wacquant, L., 2007. Los condenados de la ciudad: Gueto, periferias y Estado. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI.
Wacquant, L., 2008. Ordering insecurity: Social polarization and the punitive upsurge. Radical philosophy review [online], 11(1), 1–19. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5840/radphilrev20081112 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/radphilrev20081112
Wagner, A., 2011. French urban space management: a visual semiotic approach behind power and control, International Journal of Semiotic Law [online], 24, 227–241. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-010-9206-5 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-010-9206-5
Walklate, S., and Evans, K., 2019. Zero Tolerance or Community Tolerance?: Managing Crime in High Crime Areas [online]. London: Routledge. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429426698 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429426698
Wilson, J.Q., and Kelling, G.L., 1982. Broken windows. Atlantic monthly, 249(3), 29–38.
Wolin, S., 2010. Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism. Princeton University Press.
Wright, S., Graham, T., and Jackson, D., 2015. Third space, social media, and everyday political talk. In: A. Bruns et al., eds., The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics [online]. New York: Routledge, 74–88. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315716299-6 [Access 23 June 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315716299-6
Young, J., 1999. The Exclusive Society: Social Exclusion, Crime and Difference in Late Modernity. London/Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
(c) Tous droits réservés Gema Varona 2021
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International.
OSLS strictly respects intellectual property rights and it is our policy that the author retains copyright, and articles are made available under a Creative Commons licence. The Creative Commons Non-Commercial Attribution No-Derivatives licence is our default licence, further details available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 If this is not acceptable to you, please contact us.
The non-exclusive permission you grant to us includes the rights to disseminate the bibliographic details of the article, including the abstract supplied by you, and to authorise others, including bibliographic databases, indexing and contents alerting services, to copy and communicate these details.
For information on how to share and store your own article at each stage of production from submission to final publication, please read our Self-Archiving and Sharing policy.
The Copyright Notice showing the author and co-authors, and the Creative Commons license will be displayed on the article, and you must agree to this as part of the submission process. Please ensure that all co-authors are properly attributed and that they understand and accept these terms.
