1948 to 1951
The racial politics of humanitarianism and return in Palestine
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1128Mots-clés :
Race, reparations, return, humanitarianism, PalestineRésumé
The unresolved question of Palestinian displacement raises important considerations in a settler colonial era of reparations. One line of inquiry that remains relevant for thinking about the future of redress to Palestinian displacement is the following: How did an Indigenous Palestinian society with historical ties to land come to be governed as refugees external to the land? Examining a set of progress reports issued by Count Folke Bernadotte – the first UN appointed Mediator on Palestine –, this paper considers how a land-based reparative justice question became folded into a humanitarian structure, which has now stretched the course of seven decades. Centering the struggle for return as a site of ontological contestation, I consider how we might read these key decisions made between 1948–1951 around redress and the emergence of humanitarian governance as part of, and within a wider genealogy of race and settler colonialism in Palestine.
Téléchargements
Metrics
Downloads:
PDF (English) 762
Références
Abdo, N., and Masalha, N., eds., 2018. An Oral History of the Palestinian Nakba. University of Chicago Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350225572
Abourahme, N., 2011. Spatial Collisions and Discordant Temporalities: Everyday Life between Camp and Checkpoint. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research [online], 35(2), 453–461. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.01034.x [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.01034.x
Abu El Haj, N., 2010. Racial palestinianization and the Janus-faced nature of the Israeli state. Patterns of Prejudice [online], 44(1), 27–41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00313220903507610 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00313220903507610
Al Jazeera, 2014. Killing the Count. Al Jazeera Special Series [online], 13 June. Documentary. Available from: http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2014/06/killing-count-20146282143931887.html [Accessed 7 May 2020].
Al-Khalidi, W., ed., 1992. All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies.
Allan, D., 2014. Refugees of the Revolution: Palestinian Experiences of Exile. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
Asad, T., 2015. Reflections on Violence, Law, and Humanitarianism. Critical Inquiry [online], 41(2), 390–427. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1086/679081 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/679081
Badil Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights, 2011. Q & A: What you need to know about Palestinian Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons [online]. May. Bethlehem: Badil Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights. Available from: http://www.badil.org/phocadownloadpap/Badil_docs/publications/Q&A-en.pdf [Accessed 7 May 2020].
Barakat, R., 2017. Writing/right Palestine studies: settler colonialism, indigenous sovereignty and resisting the ghost(s) of history. Settler Colonial Studies [online], 8(3), 349–363. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2017.1300048 [Accessed 7 May 2020].
Bhandar, B., 2018. Colonial Lives of Property: Law, Land, and Racial Regimes of Ownership. Durham: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822371571
Campt, T., 2017. Listening to Images. London: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822373582
Collins, J., 2004. Occupied by Memories: The Intifada Generations and the Palestinian State of Emergency. New York University Press.
Corbin, J., 2017. The Balfour Declaration: My ancestor’s hand in history. BBC News [online], 31 October. Available from: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-41763648 [Accessed 7 May 2020].
Coulthard, G., 2014. Red Skin, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816679645.001.0001
Erakat, N., 2019. Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine. Redwood City: Stanford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503608832
Fahoum, R., 2019. Ethnographies of Palestinian Futures. Vancouver: Insaniyyat, Society of Palestinian Anthropologists/American Anthropological Association.
Fanon, F., 1952. Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove Press.
Fassin, D., 2007. Humanitarianism as a Politics of Life. Public Culture [online], 19(3), 499–520. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2007-007 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2007-007
Fassin, D., 2012. Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present. Trans.: R. Gomme. Berkeley: University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520271166.001.0001
Feldman, I., 2012. The Humanitarian Condition: Palestinian Refugees and the Politics of Living. Humanity [online], 3(2), 155–172. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1353/hum.2012.0017 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/hum.2012.0017
Feldman, I., 2018. Life Lived in Relief: Humanitarian Predicaments and Palestinian Refugee Politics. Oakland: University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520299627.001.0001
Ferreira da Silva, D., 2018. Hacking the Subject: Black Feminism and Refusal beyond the Limits of Critique. philoSOPHIA [online], 8(1), 19–41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1353/phi.2018.0001 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/phi.2018.0001
Goldberg, D., 2008. Racial “Palestiniazation”. In: R. Lentin, ed., Thinking Palestine. New York: Zed Books, 25–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350223646.ch-001
Goldberg, D., 2009. The Threat of Race: Reflections on Racial Neoliberalism. Oxford: Blackwell. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444304695
Hartman, S., 1997. Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hartman, S., 2018. Refusal and Radical Hope [Discussion, YouTube clip]. Amsterdam: Tropentheatre. RCMC [online], 14 November. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXQqyzTP1zU&t=5326s [Accessed 7 May 2020].
Ibrahim, I.J., 2012. A Letter from a Palestinian Refugee to a Syrian Refugee (Trans.: M. Alaa). [Blog post]. Gazanism [online], 3 September. Available from: https://gazanism.wordpress.com/2012/09/03/a-letter-from-a-palestinian-refugee-to-a-syrian-refugee/ [Accessed 7 May 2020] (Original letter dated 1 September 2011).
Irfan, A., 2020. Palestine at the UN: The PLO and UNRWA in the 1970s. Journal of Palestine Studies, 49(2), 26–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2020.49.2.26
Kanafani, G., 2000. Returning to Haifa. In: B. Harlow and K. Riley, eds., Palestine’s Children: Returning to Haifa and Other Stories. Trans.: K.E. Riley. London: Lynne Rienner.
Kelcey, J., and Irfan, A., 2019. The Importance and Impossibility of Researching UNRWA [Blog post]. Jadaliyya [online], 21 September. Available from: https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/40008/The-Importance-and-Impossibility-of-Researching-UNRWA [Accessed 7 May 2020]
Khalidi, R., 1992. Observations on the Right of Return. Journal of Palestine Studies [online], 21(2), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.1992.21.2.00p00876 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2537217
Khalidi, R., 2017. The Balfour Declaration from the Perspective of the Palestinian People [online]. Lecture. 2 November. New York: United Nations. Available from: https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Lecture-by-Prof.-Rashid-Khalidi-100-years-since-Balfour-Decl-UN-2Nov2017.pdf [Accessed 7 May 2020].
Khalidi, R., 2020. The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017. New York: Metropolitan Books.
Makdisi, S., 2010. The Architecture of Erasure. Critical Inquiry [online], 36(3), 519–559. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1086/653411 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/653411
Malkki, L., 1996. Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization,” Cultural Anthropology [online], 11(3), 377–404. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1525/can.1996.11.3.02a00050 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/can.1996.11.3.02a00050
Masalha, N., 1992. Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of ‘Transfer’ in Zionist Political Thought, 1882–1948. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies.
Massad, J., 2006. The Persistence of the Palestinian Question: Essays on Zionism and the Palestinians. New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203965351
Mbembe, A., 2003. Necropolitics. Public Culture [online], 15(1), 11–40. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-15-1-11 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-15-1-11
Murdocca, C., 2013. To Right Historical Wrongs: Race, Gender and Sentencing in Canada. Vancouver: UBC Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59962/9780774824996
Murdocca, C., 2020. “Let’s help our own”: Humanitarian compassion as racial governance in settler colonialism. Oñati Socio-Legal Series [online], 10(6-this issue). Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1067 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1067
Osipenko, N.A., 2016. Two Plans of Folke Bernadotte – First Attempts to Search for Peace. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities [online], 6(9). Available from: https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2016.V6.698-705 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2016.V6.698-705
Pappe, I., 2006. The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. Oxford: One World.
Peteet, J., 2005. Landscape of Hope and Despair: Palestinian Refugee Camps. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812200317
Rajaram, P.K., 2002. Humanitarianism and Representations of the Refugee. Journal of Refugee Studies [online], 15(3), 247–264. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/15.3.247 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/15.3.247
Razack, S.H., 2007. Stealing the Pain of Others: Reflections on Canadian Humanitarian Responses. Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies [online], 29(4), 375–394. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10714410701454198 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10714410701454198
Richter-Devroe, S., 2013. “Like Something Sacred”: Palestinian Refugees’ Narratives on the Right of Return. Refugee Survey Quarterly [online], 32(2), 92–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdt002 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdt002
Robinson, S., 2013. Citizen Strangers: Palestinians and the Birth of Israel’s Liberal Settler State. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.
Sa’di, A.H., and Abu-Lughod, L., eds., 2007. Nakba: Palestine, 1948 and the Claims to Memory. New York: Columbia University Press.
Said, E. (with J. Mohr, photographs), 1986. After the Last Sky: Palestinian Lives. New York: Columbia University Press.
Said, E., 1979. Zionism from the Standpoint of its Victims. Social Text [online], nº 1, (Winter), 7–58. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2307/466405 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/466405
Salih, R., 2016. Bodies that walk, bodies that talk, bodies that love, Palestinian women refugees, affectivity and the politics of the ordinary. Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography [online], 49(3), 742–760. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12299 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12299
Sansour, L., 2016. In the Future, They Ate from the Finest Porcelain. Film. Directed by S. Lind and L. Sansour. UK/Denmark/Qatar: Spike Film and Video.
Sayigh, R., 1979. Palestinians: From Peasants to Revolutionaries: A People’s History. London: Zed Books.
Seikaly, S., 2015. Men of Capital: Scarcity and Economy in Mandate Palestine. Redwood City: Stanford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804796729
Shafir, G., 1989. Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882–1914. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Shalhoub-Kevorkian, N., 2015a. Necropolitical Debris: The Dichotomy of Life and Death. State Crime Journal [online], 4(1), 34–51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.13169/statecrime.4.1.0034 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13169/statecrime.4.1.0034
Shalhoub-Kevorkian, N., 2015b. Security Theology, Surveillance and the Politics of Fear [online]. Cambridge University Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316159927 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316159927
Shalhoub-Kevorkian, N., 2016. Infiltrated Intimacies: The Case of Palestinian Returnees. Feminist Studies [online], 42(1-Everyday Militarism), 166–193. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15767/feministstudies.42.1.166 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/fem.2016.0013
Simpson, A., 2014. Mohawk Interruptus: Political Life Across the Borders of Settler States. Durham: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822376781
Stranger, C.D., 1988. A Haunting Legacy: The Assassination of Count Bernadotte. The Middle East Journal, 42(2), 260–272.
Tabar, L., 2016. Disrupting Development, Reclaiming Solidarity: The Anti-Politics of Humanitarianism. Journal of Palestine Studies, 45(4), 16–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2016.45.4.16
The Funambulist, 2014. Sophia Azeb, The “No-State Solution”. The Funambulist [online], 27 April. Podcast. Available from: https://thefunambulist.net/podcast/sophia-azeb-the-no-state-solution-power-of-imagination-for-the-palestinian-struggle [Accessed 7 May 2020].
Vadasaria, S., 2015. Necronationalism: Managing race, death and the nation’s skeletons. Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture [online], 21(2), 117–131. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2015.1041014 [Accessed 7 May 2020]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2015.1041014
Vadasaria, S., 2018. Temporalities of “Return”: Race, Representation and Decolonial Imaginings of Palestinian Refugee Life. Ph.D. Dissertation. Toronto: York University.
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
(c) Tous droits réservés Shaira Vadasaria 2020
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International.
OSLS strictly respects intellectual property rights and it is our policy that the author retains copyright, and articles are made available under a Creative Commons licence. The Creative Commons Non-Commercial Attribution No-Derivatives licence is our default licence, further details available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 If this is not acceptable to you, please contact us.
The non-exclusive permission you grant to us includes the rights to disseminate the bibliographic details of the article, including the abstract supplied by you, and to authorise others, including bibliographic databases, indexing and contents alerting services, to copy and communicate these details.
For information on how to share and store your own article at each stage of production from submission to final publication, please read our Self-Archiving and Sharing policy.
The Copyright Notice showing the author and co-authors, and the Creative Commons license will be displayed on the article, and you must agree to this as part of the submission process. Please ensure that all co-authors are properly attributed and that they understand and accept these terms.