The Latvian direct democracy tools in a comparative European context

Egileak

  • Fabio Ratto Trabucco University of Cassino

##plugins.pubIds.doi.readerDisplayName##:

https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1075

Gako-hitzak:

Latvia, national referendum, people’s initiative, parliamentary dissolution, recall referendum

Laburpena

This article analyses and compares the legal tools of direct democracy in Latvia and other European countries. Based on comparison, the author draws concludes the shortcomings of the legal framework of direct democracy in the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia. The author analyzes functioning of the direct democracy tools in Latvian practice and compares them with similar tools in other European countries, expressing his criticism towards Latvian legislation on the referendum and people’s initiative, finding that some mechanisms included in the Constitution are old-fashioned and ineffective. The article identifies actual shortcomings of the legal framework of the referendum and popular initiative both at the level of the Constitution and that of the law and makes suggestions for improvements of the mechanisms of direct democracy, particularly taking into account the experience of the other Baltic countries.

##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##

##plugins.generic.usageStats.noStats##

        Metrics

Views 394
Downloads:
PDF (English) 335


Erreferentziak

Aguiar-Conraria, L., and Magalhães, P.C., 2009. Referendum Design, Quorum Rules and Turnout. Public Choice [online], 144(1-2) [first online: 19 September 2009]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9504-1 [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Albi, A., 2003. EU Accession Referendums in the Baltic States. Tilburg Foreign Law Review, nº 11, 666-667.

Albi, A., 2005. EU Enlargement and the Constitutions of Central and Eastern Europe. Cambridge University Press, 94-98.

Altman, D., 2014. Direct Democracy Worldwide. Cambridge University Press.

Altman, D., 2019. Citizenship and Contemporary Direct Democracy. Cambridge University Press.

Auer, A., 1995. La justice constitutionnelle et la démocratie référendaire - Rapport de synthèse. Science et technique de la démocratie [online], nº 14-Justice constitutionnelle et démocratie référendaire, 149. European Commission for Democracy through Law, Strasbourg, 23-24 June. Available from: https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-STD(1995)014-f [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Auer, A., and Bützer, M., 2001. General conclusion. In: A. Auer and M. Bützer, eds., Direct Democracy: the Eastern and Central European Experience. Farnham: Ashgate, 353.

Avbelj, M., and Komárek, J., 2012. Constitutional Pluralism in the European Union and Beyond. Oxford: Hart.

Bagni, S., 2017. Il popolo legislatore. Bolonia University Press.

Baldin, S., 2008. Il referendum revocatorio del Presidente della Repubblica romena: circolazione e adattamento di un singolare istituto. Diritto Pubblico Comparato ed Europeo, 66, 72-74.

Baldin, S., 2012. I referendum arbitrali fra teoria e prassi applicative. Federalismi.it [online], nº 19. Available from: https://federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=20943&dpath=document&dfile=08102012181448.pdf&content=I%2Breferendum%2Barbitrali%2Bfra%2Bteoria%2Be%2Bprassi%2Bapplicative%2B%2D%2Bstato%2B%2D%2Bdottrina%2B%2D%2B [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Balodis, R., Kārkliņa, A., and Danovskis, E., 2013. The Development of Constitutional and Administrative Law in Latvia after the Restoration of Independence. Law [online], nº 5, 44-119. Available from: https://www.journaloftheuniversityoflatvialaw.lu.lv/fileadmin/user_upload/lu_portal/projekti/journaloftheuniversityoflatvialaw/No5/3.Ringolds_Balodis_Annija_Karklina_Edvins_Danovskis.pdf [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Bleiere, D., et al., eds., 2006. History of Latvia: The 20th Century. Riga: Jumava.

Bosioc, D., 2013. Romania: la sospensione del Presidente Traian Băsescu e il referendum revocatorio del 29 luglio 2012. Diritto Pubblico Comparato ed Europeo, nº 1, 271-288.

Burdeau, G., 1950. Il regime parlamentare nelle Costituzioni europee del dopoguerra. Milan: Comunità, 262-264.

Butler, D., and Ranney, A., 1994. Referendums around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Cazejus, A., 1925. La Constitution de la Lettonie. Toulouse: Faculté de Droit.

Ciammariconi, A., and Di Gregorio, A., 2005. Il referendum nei nuovi Stati membri dell’Unione europea. Diritto pubblico comparato ed europeo, nº 3, 1406-1426.

Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova, 2011. Raport cu privire la exercitarea jurisdicţiei constituţionale în anul 2010, prezentat în baza art.80 din Codul jurisdicţiei constituţionale [Report on the Exercise of Constitutional Jurisdiction in 2010, presented on the basis of Article 80 of the Code of constitutional jurisdiction] (online). Chisinau: Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova. Available from: https://constcourt.md/public/files/file/Actele%20Curtii/acte%202011/h_01.pdf [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Dau, F.R., 2011. Referendum sullo scioglimento del Saeima. NAD, Osservatorio su nuovi autoritarismi e democrazie [online], 8 September. Available from: https://nad.unimi.it/lettonia-referendum-sullo-scioglimento-del-saeima/ [Accessed 1 June 2020].

De Francesco, G., 1933. La posizione giuridica del capo dello Stato nelle vecchie e nelle nuove Costituzioni. In: Cedam, ed., Studi in onore di Federico Cammeo. Padua: Cedam, 335-336.

De Pretis, A., 2004. Da “We the people” a “Hasta la vista, Davis!”: origini, evoluzioni e profili di costituzionalità del recall negli ordinamenti degli Stati Uniti. Diritto pubblico comparato ed europeo, nº 4, 1793-1836.

De Vergottini, G., 2013. Diritto costituzionale comparato. Padua: Cedam.

Denquin, J.M., 1976. Référendum et plébiscite: essai de théorie générale. Paris: LGDJ.

Duvold, K., 2010. Making Sense of Baltic Democracy: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania between Soviet Union and the European Union. Balti/Chisinau/Riga/Beau-Bassin: Lambert Academic.

Endziņš, A., 2000. European Integration and Constitutional Law: the Situation in Latvia. UniDemi Seminar European Integration and Constitutional Law. Cyprus, 29-30 September.

Fara, V., 2012. Revocatoria de mandato: origini e diffusione di un particolare istituto di democrazia diretta in America Latina. Diritto pubblico comparato ed europeo, nº 3, 962-977.

Fekete, B., 2018. The Limits of Sovereignty Pooling: Lessons from Europe. In: M. Belov, ed., Global Constitutionalism and Its Challenges to Westphalian Constitutional Law. Oxford: Hart, 153.

Fossedal, G., 2002. Direct Democracy in Switzerland. Piscataway: Transaction.

Frison-Roche, F., 2005. Le “modèle semi-présidentiel” comme instrument de la transition en Europe post-communiste. Brussels: Bruylant.

Frosini, T.E., 2008. Forme di governo e partecipazione popolare. Milan: Giappichelli.

Gallagher, M., and Uleri, P.V., eds., 1996. The Referendum Experience in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

García, E., Palici Di Suni, E., and Rogoff, M., eds., 2018. Gli istituti di democrazia diretta nel diritto comparator. Padua: Cedam.

Habracevica, S., 2001. Working Group’s Draft Amendments. Riga: The Sovereignty of Latvia and Membership of the EU Conference, 23 November.

Hamon, F., 2012. Le référendum: étude comparative. 2nd ed. Paris: LGDJ-Lextenso.

Haungs, P., 1968. Reichspräsident und parlamentarische Kabinettsregierung. Opladen: Westdeutscher.

Held, D., 2006. Models of Democracies. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Helstein, M.C., 1930. La Constitution de la République de Lettonie. Paris: Recueil Sirey.

Jarinovska, K., 2013. Popular Initiatives as Means of Altering the Core of the Republic of Latvia. Juridica International [online], nº 20, 152-159. Available from: https://www.juridicainternational.eu/index.php?id=15331 [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Jasiewicz, K., 2004. Knocking on Europe’s Door. Voting Behaviour in the EU Accession Referendum in Poland. Problems of Post-Communism [online], 51(5), 34-44. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2004.11052182 [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Kārkliņa, A., 2013. Dissolution of Parliament in Latvia: Legal Regulation and Practice. Jurisprudencija [online], 20(3), 1213-1229. Available from: https://doi.org/10.13165/JUR-13-20-3-18 [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Kārkliņa, A., 2014. Rights of the Entirety of Citizens in Legislative Process in Latvia. Curentul Juridic–Juridical Current [online], vol. 57, 62. Available from: https://ideas.repec.org/a/pmu/cjurid/v57y2014p60-72.html [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Kārkliņa, A., 2017. Requirements to be Set for Voters’ Legislative Initiatives in the Republic of Latvia: Legal Regulation, Practice, and Recent Findings of Judicature. Law [online], nº 10, 152-174. Available from: https://doi.org/10.22364/jull.10.11 [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Kaufmann, B., and Dane Waters, M., eds., 2004. Direct Democracy in Europe: a Comprehensive Reference Guide to the Initiative and Referendum Process in Europe. Durham: Carolina Academic Press.

Kaufmann, B., Büchi, R., and Braun, N., eds., 2010. Guidebook to Direct Democracy in Switzerland and Beyond. The Initiative & Referendum Institute Europe.

King, R.F., and Sum, P.E., eds., 2011. Romania under Băsescu: Aspirations, Achievements, and Frustrations during his First Presidential Term. Lanham: Lexington Books.

Kobach, K.W., 1993. The Referendum: Direct Democracy in Switzerland. London: Dartmouth.

Krapivnitskaya, E., 2016. Moldavia – Elezioni presidenziali. Federalismi.it [online], nº22 (News dal mondo). Available from: https://federalismi.it/ApplOpenFilePDF.cfm?artid=32755&dpath=document&dfile=16112016191821.pdf&content=Moldavia%2B%2D%2BElezioni%2Bpresidenziali%2B%2D%2Bnews%2B%2D%2Bnews%2Bdal%2Bmondo%2B%2D%2B [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Krūma, K., 2014. EU Citizenship, Nationality and Migrant Status: An Ongoing Challenge. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.

Lauvaux, P., 1983. La dissolution des assemblées parlementaires. Paris: Economica.

Lieven, A., 1993. The Baltic Revolution. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Markesinis, B., 1972. The Theory and Practice of Dissolution of Parliament. A Comparative Study with Special Reference to the United Kingdom and Greek Experience. Cambridge University Press.

McGrane, S., 2013. Online, Latvians’ Ideas Can Bloom Into Law. The New York Times [online], 10 April. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/10/world/europe/a-web-site-where-latvians-ideas-can-become-law.html [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Mendez, F., Mendez, M., and Triga, V., 2014. Referendums and the European Union. A Comparative Inquiry. Cambridge University Press.

Mikkel, E., and Fridham, G., 2007. Clinching the “Return to Europe”: The Referendums on EU Accession in Estonia and Latvia. West European Politics [online], 27(4), 716-748. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/0140238042000249958 [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Morel, L., and Qvortrup, M., eds., 2018. The Routledge Handbook to Referendums and Direct Democracy. Abingdon: Routledge.

Nutt, M., 2005. Restoration of Independence and the Fourth Constitution (1992-…). Estonica. Encyclopedia about Estonia [online]. Available from: https://www.estonica.org/en/The_state_order_of_Estonia_in_its_historical_development/Restoration_of_independence_and_the_fourth_Constitution_1992_-%E2%80%A6_/ [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Pleps, J., 2003. Kādā Veidā Var Atlaist Saeimu. Jurista Vārds [online], nº 46. Available from: https://juristavards.lv/doc/82356-kada-veida-var-atlaist-saeimu/ [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Pollicino, O., 2018. The President of the Republic. In: G.F. Ferrari, ed., Introduction to Italian Public Law. Milan: Giuffrè Francis Lefebvre, 148.

Pollock, J.K., 1923. The Constitution of Latvia. American Political Science Review [online], 17(3), 447. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2307/1944058 [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Pryce, P., 2012. The 2011 Parliamentary Election in Latvia. Electoral Studies [online], 31(3). Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2012.05.006 [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Qvortrup, M., 2014. Referendums around the World: The Continued Growth of Direct Democracy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Qvortrup, M., 2017. Direct Democracy: A Comparative Study of the Theory and Practice of Government by the People. Manchester University Press.

Ratto Trabucco, F., 2017. The Evolution of Referendum Experience in Hungary. The Journal of Comparative Law [online], 12(1). Available from: https://www.academia.edu/34030542/The_Evolution_of_Referendum_Experience_in_Hungary [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Rodiņa, A., 2011. Constitutional Law 2010. Republic of Latvia. European Review of Public Law [online], 23(4), 1306-1312. Available from: https://eplopublications.eu/publication/digital-edition/constitutional-law-droit-constitutionnel-2010-republic-latvia-republique [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Rodiņa, A., 2012. Constitutional Law 2011. Republic of Latvia. European Review of Public Law [online], 24(4), 1525-1535. Available from: https://eplopublications.eu/publication/digital-edition/constitutional-law-droit-constitutionnel-2011-republic-latvia-republique [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Roznai, Y., 2019. Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: The Limits of Amendment Powers. Oxford University Press.

Ruth-Lovell, S.P., Welp, Y., and Whitehead, L.A., 2017. Let the People Rule? Direct Democracy in the Twenty-first Century. London: ECPR Press.

Ruus, J., 2011. Democratic Participation at the Local Level in Post-communist States: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. In: T. Schiller, ed., Local Direct Democracy in Europe. Heidelberg: Springer VS, 272.

Schiller, T., ed., 2011. Local Direct Democracy in Europe. Heidelberg: Springer VS.

Shen, Y., 2009. The Anomaly of the Weimar Republic’s Semi-Presidential Constitution. Journal of Politics and Law [online], 2(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v2n3p35 [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Sikk, A., 2005. How Unstable? Volatility and the Genuinely New Parties in Eastern Europe. European Journal of Political Research [online], 44(3), 391-412. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2005.00232.x [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Somer, E., 2014. Direct Democracy in the Baltic States. Institutions, Procedures and Practice in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Bern: Peter Lang.

Suksi, M., 1993. Bringing in the People: A Comparison of Constitutional Forms and Practices of the Referendum. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.

Tănăsescu, E.S., 2008. The President of Romania, or: The Slippery Slope of a Political System. European Constitutional Law Review [online], 4(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1574019608000643 [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Taube, C., 2001. Constitutionalism in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. A Study in Comparative Constitutional Law. Uppsala: Iustus Forlag.

Thorarensen, B., 2015. Constitutional Consequences of the Economic Crisis in Iceland. Diritto pubblico [online], nº 3, 723-748. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1438/82174 [Accessed 1 June 2020].

Uleri, V., 2003. Referendum e democrazia: Una prospettiva comparata. Bologna: Il Mulino.

Vilka, I., Pukis, M., and Vanags, E., eds., 2006. Indicators of Local Democracy in Latvia. Department of Baltic Studies of Tartu University.

Volpi, M., 1983. Lo scioglimento anticipato del parlamento e la classificazione dei regimi contemporanei. Santarcangelo di Romagna: Maggioli.

Welp, J., 2018. Recall Referendum around the World: Origins, Institutional Designs and Current Debates. In: L. Morel and M. Qvortrup, eds., The Routledge Handbook to Referendums and Direct Democracy. Abingdon: Routledge, 451-463.

Wilk, J., 2013. Kilka uwag do rozszerzenia zakresu przedmiotowego referendum lokalnego. Nowe Zeszyty Samorządowe, nº 3, 11-26.

##submission.downloads##

Argitaratuta

2019-05-24

##submission.howToCite##

Ratto Trabucco, F. (2019) «The Latvian direct democracy tools in a comparative European context», Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 10(4), or. 744–788. doi: 10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1075.