Racial capitalism, climate justice, and climate displacement
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1137Keywords:
Climate change, climate justice, climate refugees, climate displacement, racial capitalismAbstract
This article expands our understanding of climate justice by demonstrating how racial subordination, environmental degradation, and the fossil fuel-based capitalist world economy are interrelated. It uses these insights to critique the emerging legal and policy responses to climate change-induced displacement and to examine alternative approaches emerging from climate-vulnerable states and peoples. The article argues that racialized communities all over the world have borne the brunt of carbon capitalism from cradle (extraction of fossil fuels) to grave (climate change) and that a race-conscious analysis of climate change and climate displacement can reveal the commonalities among seemingly distinct forms of oppression in order to forge the alliances necessary to achieve just and emancipatory outcomes.
Downloads
Metrics
Downloads:
PDF 6912
References
Achiume, E.T., 2019. Migration as Decolonization. Stanford Law Review [online], 71(6), 1509–1574. Available from: https://www.stanfordlawreview.org/print/article/migration-as-decolonization/ [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Anand, R., 2004. International Environmental Justice: A North-South Dimension. Farnham: Ashgate.
Anghie, A., 2004. Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law. Cambridge University Press.
Atapattu, S.A. 2014. Climate Change: Disappearing States, Migration, and Challenges for International Law. Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy [online], 4(1), 1–35. Available from: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wjelp/vol4/iss1/3 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Atapattu, S.A., 2018. A New Category of Refugees?: “Climate Refugees” and a Gaping Hole in International Law. In: S. Behrman and A. Kent, eds., Climate Refugees: Beyond the Legal Impasse? New York: Routledge, 34–51.
Baker, S.H., 2015. Project Finance and Sustainable Development in the Global South. In: S. Alam et al., eds. International Environmental Law and the Global South. New York: Cambridge University Press, 338–355.
Baldwin, A., 2013. Racialisation and the Figure of the Climate Change Migrant. Environment and Planning A [online], 45(6), 1474–1490. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1068/a45388 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Baldwin, A., 2016. Premeditation and white affect: climate change and migration in critical perspective. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers [online], 41(1), 78–90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12106 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Bali Principles of Climate Justice, 2002 [online]. Johannesburg: International Climate Justice Network, 29 August. Available from: https://www.ejnet.org/ej/bali.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Bank, A., and Frölich, C., 2018. Forced Migration in the Global South: Reorienting the Debate. GIGA Focus [online], nº. 3. June. German Institute of Global and Area Studies. Available from: https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/forced-migration-in-the-global-south-reorienting-the-debate [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Baskin, J., 2019. Global Justice and the Anthropocene: Reproducing a Development Story. In: F. Biermann and E. Lövbrand, eds., Anthropocene Encounters: New Directions in Green Political Thinking. Cambridge University Press, 150–168.
Beckert, S., 2014. Empire of Cotton: A Global History. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Bettini, G., Nash, S.L., and Gioli, G., 2017. One step forward, two steps back? The fading contours of (in)justice in competing discourses on climate migration. The Geographical Journal [online], 183(4), 348–358. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12192 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Bhattacharyya, G., 2018. Rethinking Racial Capitalism. London/New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
Birnbaum, M., 2017. Could the flow of migrants to Europe be stopped? Washington Post [online], 3 October. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/could-the-flow-of-migrants-to-europe-be-stopped/2017/10/02/e76ac66e-a2ce-11e7-b573-8ec86cdfe1ed_story.html?utm_term=.6165b4d41a80 [Accessed 15 May 2019]
Blackburn, R., 1997. The Making of the New World Slavery. London: Verso.
Boghani, P., 2018. The “Human Cost” of the EU’s Response to the Refugee Crisis. Frontline [online], 23 January. Available from: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-human-cost-of-the-eus-response-to-the-refugee-crisis/ [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Brodkin, K., 1998. How Jews Became White Folks and What that Says About Race in America. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Burkett, M., 2009. Climate Reparations. Melbourne Journal of International Law [online], 10(2), 509–543. Available from: http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbJIL/2009/29.html [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Burkett, M., 2018. Justice and Climate Migration. In: S. Behrman and A. Kent, eds. Climate Refugees: Beyond the Legal Impasse? New York: Routledge, 73–88.
Byravan, S., and Rajan, S.C., 2006. Providing New Homes for Climate Change Exiles, Climate Change Policy [online], 6(2), 247–252. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2006.9685599 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) and The Global Initiative for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (GIESCR), 2018. States’ Human Rights Obligations in the Context of Climate Change [online]. Available from: https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/HRTBs-synthesis-report.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) and The Global Initiative for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (GIESCR), 2019. States’ Human Rights Obligations in the Context of Climate Change: 2019 Update [online]. Available from: https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/HRTB-Feb.-2019-update-2019-03-25.pdf [Accessed 4 April 2019].
Chalabi, M., 2018. How many migrant children are detained in US custody? The Guardian [online], 22 December. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2018/dec/22/migrant-children-us-custody [Accessed 4 April 2019].
Chazalnoel, M.T., and Jonesco, C., 2018. Advancing the Global Governance of Climate Migration through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Global Compact on Migration. In: S. Behrman and A. Kent, eds. Climate Refugees: Beyond the Legal Impasse. New York: Routledge, 103–177.
Chen, M., 2018. Trump’s caravan problem isn’t which people are coming, but what kind of country America will choose to be. NBC News, Think [online], 10 December. Available from: https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/trump-s-caravan-problem-isn-t-which-people-are-coming-ncna945816 [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Collinson, S., 2019. Trump seems inclined to close border despite potential chaos. CNN [online], 2 April. Available from: https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/02/politics/donald-trump-immigration-border-closure-crisis/index.html [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Convention for the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, 1990. (GA res. 45/158, annex, 45 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49A) at 262, UN Doc. A/45/49) entered into force 1 July 2003.
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951 (189 U.N.T.S. 137), entered into force 22 April 1954.
Corendea, C., 2018. Regionalism, human rights and migration in relation to climate change. The Conversation [online], 28 February. Available from: http://theconversation.com/regionalism-human-rights-and-migration-in-relation-to-climate-change-90129 [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Crenshaw, K., 1989. Demarginalizing the Intersections of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum [online], 1989(1), 139–167. Available from: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Crutzen, P.J., and Stoermer, E.F., 2000. The “Anthropocene.” Global Change Newsletter, 41, 17–18.
Cummings-Bruce, N., 2018. Taking Migrant Children from Parents is Illegal, U.N. Tells U.S. New York Times [online], 5 June. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/05/world/americas/us-un-migrant-children-families.html [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Davidson, H., 2016. Offshore detention: Australia’s recent immigration history a “human rights catastrophe”. The Guardian [online], 13 November. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/nov/13/offshore-detention-nauru-immigration-history-human-rights [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Davis, H., and Todd, Z., 2017. On the Importance of a Date, or Decolonizing the Anthropocene. ACME: An International Journal of Critical Geographies [online], 16(4), 761–780. Available from: https://www.acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/1539 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Dawson, A., 2017. Extreme Cities: The Peril and Promise of Urban Life in the Age of Climate Change. London: Verso.
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 14 December 1960. United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/1514 (XV).
Delgado, E., 2019. Trump administration still separating families at border, advocates say. The Guardian [online], 12 February. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/feb/12/trump-el-paso-family-separations-migrants-immigration [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Du Bois, W.E.B., 2007. To the Nations of the World [online]. Contributed by Blackpast. 29 January. Available from: https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1900-w-e-b-du-bois-nations-world/ [Accessed 15 May 2019] (Originally published in 1900).
Faber, D., 2018. Global Capitalism, Reactionary Neoliberalism, and the Deepening of Environmental Injustices. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism [online], 29(2), 8–28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2018.1464250 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Felli, R., 2013. Managing Climate Insecurity by Ensuring Continuous Capital Accumulation: “Climate Refugees” and “Climate Migrants”. New Political Economy [online], 18(3), 337–363. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2012.687716 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Fraser, N., 2016. Expropriation and Exploitation in Racialized Capitalism: A Reply to Michael Dawson. Critical History Studies [online], 3(1), 163–178. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1086/685814 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Fricker, M., 2007. Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing. Oxford University Press.
Galeano, E., 1997. Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Gerrard, M.B., 2015. America is the Worst Polluter in the History of the World. We Should Let Climate Change Refugees Settle Here. Washington Post, 25 June.
Gilmore, R.W., 2007. Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Gleick, P.H., 2014. Water, Drought, Climate Change and Conflict in Syria. Weather, Climate, and Society [online], 6, 331–340. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-13-00059.1 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Glennon, R., 2017. The Unfolding Tragedy of Climate Change in Bangladesh. Scientific American [online], 21 April. Blog post. Available from: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-unfolding-tragedy-of-climate-change-in-bangladesh [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Gonzalez, C.G., 2011. An Environmental Justice Critique of Comparative Advantage: Indigenous Peoples, Trade Policy, and the Mexican Neoliberal Economic Reforms. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law [online], 32(3), 723–803. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jil/vol32/iss3/1/ [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Gonzalez, C.G., 2013. Environmental Justice and International Environmental Law. In: S. Alam et al., eds. Routledge Handbook of International Environmental Law. New York: Routledge, 77–97.
Gonzalez, C.G., 2015. Environmental Justice, Human Rights, and the Global South. Santa Clara Journal of International Law [online], 13, 151–195. Available from: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/faculty/631 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Gonzalez, C.G., 2016. The Environmental Justice Implications of Biofuels. UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs [online], 20, 229–274. Available from: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/faculty/771 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Gonzalez, J., 2011. Harvest of Empire. New York: Penguin Books.
Govind, P.J., and Verchick, R.R.M., 2015. Natural Disaster and Climate Change. In: S. Alam et al., eds. International Environmental Law and the Global South. New York: Cambridge University Press, 491–507. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107295414.024 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Grosfoguel, R., 2006. World-Systems Analysis in the Context of Transmodernity, Border Thinking, and Global Coloniality. Review (Fernand Braudel Center) [online], 29(2), 167–187. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40241659?seq=1 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Grosfoguel, R., 2016. What is Racism? Journal of World-Systems Research [online], 22(1), 9–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2016.609 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Grosfoguel, R., Oso, L., and Christou, A., 2014. “Racism”, intersectionality and migration studies: framing some theoretical reflections. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power [online], 22(6) 635–652. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2014.950974 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Gutiérrez Rodríguez, E., 2018. The Coloniality of Migration and the “Refugee Crisis”: On the Asylum-Migration Nexus, the Transatlantic White European Settler Colonialism-Migration and Racial Capitalism. Refuge [online], 34(1), 16–28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7202/1050851ar [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society, 2017. Moving Targets: An Analysis of Global Forced Migration [online]. Research report. Available from: http://haasinstitute.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/haasinstitute_moving_targets_globalmigrationreport_publish_web.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Haraway, D., 2016. Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Durham: Duke University Press.
Hardin, G., 2015. Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor [online]. The Garrett Hardin society. Available from: https://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles/art_lifeboat_ethics_case_against_helping_poor.html [Accessed 15 May 2019] (Originally published in Psychology Today, September 1974).
Hartmann, B., 2010. Rethinking Climate Refugees and Climate Conflict: Rhetoric, Reality and the Politics of Policy Discourse. Journal of International Development [online], 22(2), 233–246. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1676 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Heyward, C., and Ödalen, J., 2016. A Free Movement Passport for the Territorially Dispossessed. In: C. Heyward and D. Roser, eds., Climate Justice in a Non-Ideal World. Oxford University Press, 208–228.
Hochschild, A.R., 2016. Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right, New York: The New Press.
Hossay, P., 2006. Unsustainable: A Primer for Global Environmental and Social Justice. London: Zed Books.
Ignatiev, N., 1995. How the Irish Became White. New York: Routledge.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2014. Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report [online]. Available from: https://ar5-syr.ipcc.ch/ipcc/ipcc/resources/pdf/IPCC_SynthesisReport.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2018. Global Warming of 1.5°C: Summary for Policymakers [online]. Available from: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2018/07/SR15_SPM_version_stand_alone_LR.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2019. Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Summary for Policymakers [online]. Available from: https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/ [Accessed 10 December 2019].
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966 (999 UNTS 171, art. 1). Entered into force 23 March 1976.
International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966 (993 UNTS 3, Art 1). Entered into force 3 January 1976.
International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2014. IOM Outlook on Migration, Environment and Climate Change [online]. Geneva: IOM. Available from: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/mecc_outlook.pdf [Accessed 10 December 2019].
International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2020. Migrant deaths and disappearances [online]. Last updated 17 March. Available from: https://migrationdataportal.org/themes/migrant-deaths-and-disappearances [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Jakobsson, E., 2018. Norm Formalization in International Policy Formulation: A Framework for Analysis. In: S. Behrman and A. Kent, eds., Climate Refugees: Beyond the Legal Impasse? New York: Routledge, 52–70.
Jewett, C., and Luthra, S., 2018. Immigrant Toddlers Ordered to Appear in Court Alone. Texas Tribune [online], 27 June. Available from: https://www.texastribune.org/2018/06/27/immigrant-toddlers-ordered-appear-court-alone/ [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Kamal, B., 2017. Climate Migrants Might Reach One Billion by 2050. IPS News [online], 21 August. Available from: http://www.ipsnews.net/2017/08/climate-migrants-might-reach-one-billion-by-2050/ [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Karlin, M., 2018. Climate Refugees Face Militarized Borders. Alternet [online]. Available from: https://www.alternet.org/environment/climate-change-refugees-face-militarized-borders [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Kelman, I., 2018. Islandness within climate change narratives of small island developing states (SIDS). Island Studies Journal [online], 13(1), 149–166. Available from: https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.52 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
King, M.L., 1963. Letter from Birmingham Jail [online]. Available from: https://swap.stanford.edu/20141218230016/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/kingweb/popular_requests/frequentdocs/birmingham.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Klare, M.T., 2004. Blood and Oil: The Dangers and Consequences of America’s Growing Dependence on Imported Petroleum. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Klein, N., 2014. This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs the Climate. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Klein, N., 2016. Let Them Drown: The Violence of Othering in a Warming World. London Review of Books [online], 38(11), 1–12. Available from: https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v38/n11/naomi-klein/let-them-drown [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Klepp, S., 2017. Climate Change and Migration. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Change [online]. April. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.42 [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Klepp, S., and Herbeck, J., 2016. The politics of environmental migration and climate justice in the Pacific region. Journal of Human Rights and the Environment [online], 7(1), 54–73. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2016.01.03 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Kotef, H., 2015. Movement and the Ordering of Freedom: On Liberal Governance of Mobility. Durham: Duke University Press.
Kronk Warner, E.A., 2015. South of South: Examining the International Climate Regime from an Indigenous Perspective. In: S. Alam et al., eds. International Environmental Law and the Global South. New York: Cambridge University Press, 451–468.
Kuehn, R., 2000. A Taxonomy of Environmental Justice. Environmental Law Reporter [online], vol. 30, 10681–10703. Available from: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1137&context=aprci [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Lewis, S., and Maslin, M., 2015. Defining the Anthropocene. Nature [online], 519, 171–180. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14258 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Lewis, S., and Maslin, M., 2018. The Human Planet. London: Penguin Books.
Lindgren, T., 2018. Ecocide, genocide and the disregard of alternative life-systems. The International Journal of Human Rights [online], 22(4), 525–549. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2017.1397631 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Liptak, A. and Shear, M.D., 2018. Trump’s Travel Ban is Upheld By Supreme Court. New York Times [online], 26 June. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/26/us/politics/supreme-court-trump-travel-ban.html [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Lowenstein, A., 2015. Disaster Capitalism: Making a Killing Out of Catastrophe. New York/London: Verso.
Maguire, A., and McGee, J., 2017. A Universal Human Right to Shape Responses to a Global Problem? The Role of Self-Determination in Guiding the International Legal Response to Climate Change. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law [online], 26(1), 54–68. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12193 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Marks, S., 2011. Human Rights and Root Causes. Modern Law Review [online], 74(1), 57–78. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2010.00836.x [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Massey, D.S., 2000. The Social and Economic Origins of Immigration. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences [online], 510(1), 60–72. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716290510001005 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Mbembe, A., 2016. The Society of Enmity. Radical Philosophy [online], 200 (Nov/Dec), 1–14. Available from: https://www.radicalphilosophyarchive.com/issue-files/rp200_article_mbembe_society_of_enmity.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2019].
McAdam, J., 2012. Climate Change, Forced Migration, and International Law. Oxford University Press.
McAdam, J., 2016. From the Nansen Initiative to the Platform on Disaster Displacement: Shaping International Approaches to Climate Change, Disasters and Displacement. University of New South Wales Law Journal [online], 39(4), 1518–1546. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2901910 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Methmann, C., and Oels, A., 2015. From “Fearing” to “Empowering” Climate Refugees: Governing Climate-Induced Migration in the Name of Resilience. Security Dialogue [online], 46(1), 51–68. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010614552548 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Metzl, J.M., 2019. Dying of Whiteness: How the Politics of Racial Resentment is Killing America’s Heartland. New York: Basic Books.
Mickelson, K., 2005. Leading Towards a Level Playing Field, Repaying Ecological Debt, or Making Environmental Space: Three Stories about International Environmental Cooperation. Osgoode Hall Law Journal [online], 43(1/2), 137–170. Available from: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol43/iss1/6 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Miller, T., 2017. The United States is Polluting the World and Locking Refugees Out. The Nation [online], 7 December. Available from: https://www.thenation.com/article/the-united-states-is-polluting-the-world-and-locking-refugees-out/ [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Moore, J.W., 2015. Capitalism in the Web of Life. New York: Verso.
Moore, J.W., ed., 2016. Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism. Oakland: PM Press.
Nansen Initiative, 2015. Agenda for the Protection of Cross-Border Displaced Persons in the Context of Disasters and Climate Change [online]. Agenda for the Protection of Cross-Border Displaced Persons in the Context of Disasters and Climate Change (volume I). December. Available from: https://nanseninitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/PROTECTION-AGENDA-VOLUME-1.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Natarajan, U., 2012. TWAIL and the Environment: The State of Nature, the Nature of the State, and the Arab Spring. Oregon Review of International Law [online], 14(1), 177–202. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12605 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Nawyn, S.J., 2019. Refugees in the United States and the Politics of Crisis. In: C. Menjívar, M. Ruiz and I. Ness, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Migration Crises. Oxford University Press.
Nixon, R., 2013. Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Olivares, M., 2016. Intersectionality and the Intersection of Profiteering and Immigration Detention. Nebraska Law Review [online], 94(4), 963–1027. Available from: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nlr/vol94/iss4/5 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 12 December 2015 (1771 U.N.T.S. 107).
Pascoe, S., 2015. Sailing the Waves on Our Own: Climate Migration, Self-Determination, and the Carteret Islands. Queensland University of Technology Law Review [online], 15(2), 72–85. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5204/qutlr.v15i2.610 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Peet, R., 2009. Unholy Trinity: The IMF, World Bank and WTO. 2nd ed. London: Zed Books.
People’s Agreement, 2010. World People’s Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth [online]. Cochabamba, Bolivia. Available from: https://pwccc.wordpress.com/support/ [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Pérez, B.F., 2018. Beyond the Shortcomings of International Law: A Proposal for the Legal Protection of Climate Migrants. In: S. Behrman and A. Kent, eds., Climate Refugees: Beyond the Legal Impasse? New York: Routledge, 214–230.
Platform on Disaster Displacement, 2018. State-led, Regional, Consultative Processes: Opportunities to Develop Legal Frameworks on Disaster Displacement. In: S. Behrman and A. Kent, eds., Climate Refugees: Beyond the Legal Impasse? New York: Routledge, 126–154.
Pulido, L., 2018. Racism and the Anthropocene. In: G. Mitman, M. Amiero and R. Emmett, eds., Future Remains: A Cabinet of Curiosities. University of Chicago Press, 116–128.
Quijano, A., 2000. Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America. Nepantla: Views from the South, 1(3), 533–580.
Quijano, A., 2007. Coloniality and Modernity/Rationality. Cultural Studies [online], 21(2), 168–178. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601164353 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Quijano, A., 2014. Cuestiones y horizontes: de la dependencia histórico-estructural a la colonialidad/descolonialidad del poder. Buenos Aires: CLACSO.
Raftery, A.E., et al., 2017. Less than 2°C Warming by 2100 Unlikely. Nature Climate Change [online], 7, 637–641. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3352 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Rajagopal, B., 2003. International Law from Below: Development, Social Movements and Third World Resistance. Cambridge University Press.
Ransan-Cooper, H., et al., 2015. Being(s) Framed: The Means and Ends of Framing Environmental Migrants. Global Environmental Change [online], 35, 106–115. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.013 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Reed, A., 2013. Marx, Race and Neoliberalism. New Labor Forum [online], 22(1), 49–57. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1095796012471637 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Richards, S., and Peña, D.C., 2017. An Environmental Justice Critique of Carceral Anti-ecology. In: A.J. Nocella II, K.A. Ducre and J. Lupinacci, eds., Addressing Environmental and Food Justice toward Dismantling the School-to-Prison Pipeline: Poisoning and Imprisoning Youth. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 115–136.
Roberts, J.T., and Parks, B.C., 2008. A Climate of Injustice: Global Inequality, North-South Politics, and Climate Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Robinson, C., 2000. Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Rodney, W., 1972. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. London: Bogle-L’Ouverture Press.
Rogelj. J., et al., 2016. Paris Agreement Climate Proposals Need a Boost to Keep Warming Well Below 2°C. Nature [online], 534, 631–639. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18307 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Ross, N., 2017. Climate migrants will need more than “dignity”. Ideasroom [online], 20 November. Available from: https://www.newsroom.co.nz/@ideasroom/2017/11/20/61589/climate-migrants-will-need-more-than-dignity# [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Saad, A., 2017. Toward a Justice Framework for Understanding and Responding to Climate Migration and Displacement. Environmental Justice [online], 10(4), 98–101. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2016.0033 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Saito, N.T., 2014. Tales of Color and Colonialism: Racial Realism and Settler-Colonial Theory. Florida A&M University Law Review [online], 10(1), 1–108. Available from: http://commons.law.famu.edu/famulawreview/vol10/iss1/3 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Santos, B.S., 2014. Epistemologies of the South: Justice Against Epistemicide. New York: Paradigm.
Santos, B.S., 2018. The End of the Cognitive Empire: The Coming of Age of Epistemologies of the South. Durham/London: Duke University Press.
Sassen, S., 2014. Expulsions: Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Schlosberg, D., and Collins, L., 2014. From environmental to climate justice: climate change and the discourse of environmental justice. WIREs Climate Change [online], 5(3), 359–374. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.275 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Scott, D.N., and Smith, A.A., 2017. The abstract subject of the climate migrant displaced by the rising tides of the green energy economy. Journal of Human Rights and the Environment [online], 8, 30–50. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2017.01.02 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2015 [online]. Sendai: Third United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, 14–18 March. Available from: https://www.preventionweb.net/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Sheller, M., 2018. Mobility Justice: The Politics of Movement in an Age of Extremes. London: Verso.
Simms, A., 2009. Ecological Debt: Global Warming and the Wealth of Nations. 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press.
Sorensen, S., et al., 2018. Climate change and women’s health: Impacts and policy directions. PLoS Medicine [online], 15(7), 1–10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002603 [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Soyapi, C., and Kotzé, L.J., 2016. Environmental Racism, Slow Violence and the Extractive Industry in Post-apartheid South Africa: Marikana in Context. Verfassung und Recht in Übersee [online], 49, 393–415. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-2016-4-393 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Steffen, W., et al., 2015. Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science [online], 347(6223). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Sundberg, J., 2008. Placing Race in Environmental Justice Research in Latin America. Society and Natural Resources [online], 21(7), 569–582. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920802111538 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Telford, A., 2018. A threat to climate-secure European futures? Exploring racial logics and climate-induced migration in US and EU climate security discourses. Geoforum [online], 96, 268–277. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.08.021 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Temper, L., del Bene, D., and Martinez-Alier, J., 2015. Mapping the Frontiers and Front Lines of Global Environmental Justice: The EJAtlas. Journal of Political Ecology [online], 22(1), 255–278. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2458/v22i1.21108 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
The Week, 2018. Europe’s Hostile Environment Deters Asylum Seekers. The Week [online], 19 June. Available from: http://www.theweek.co.uk/94383/is-europe-s-hostile-environment-turning-off-asylum-seekers. [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Tichenor, D.J., 2002. Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America. Princeton University Press.
Tsosie, R., 2007. Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Justice: The Impact of Climate Change. University of Colorado Law Review [online], 78, 1625–1677. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1399659 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Tsosie, R., 2012. Indigenous Peoples and Epistemic Injustice: Science, Ethics and Human Rights. Washington Law Review [online], 87(4), 1133–1200. Available from: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol87/iss4/5
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2018. The Emissions Gap Report 2018. Nairobi: UNEP.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2019. The Emissions Gap Report 2019. Nairobi: UNEP.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992 (1771 UNTS 109). Concluded at Rio de Janeiro, 2 May 1992. Entered into force 21 March 1994.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 29 January 2016. Report of the Conference of the Parties on its Twenty-First Session (U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1).
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 31 January 2014. Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Nineteenth Session (U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2013/10/Add.1).
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Adoption of the Paris Agreement, 26 January 2016. (Decision 1/CP.21, 49, FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1).
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), 2009. Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the relationship between climate change and human rights (U.N. Doc. A/HRC/10/61).
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), 2019. Status of Ratification Interactive Dashboard, Convention for the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families [online]. Available from: http://indicators.ohchr.org/ [Accessed 15 May 2019].
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 2018. Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2017 [online]. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/5b27be547.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2019].
United Nations Human Rights Committee, 7 January 2020. Views adopted by the Committee under article 5(4) of the Optional Protocol, concerning communication No. 2728/2016, CCPR/C/127/D/2728/2016.
United Nations Human Rights Council, 2018. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders (U.N. Doc. A/HRC/37/51).
United Nations Human Rights Council, 2019. Climate Change and Poverty, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights (A/HRC/41/39), 25 June.
van der Vliet, J., 2018.”‘Climate Refugees”: A Legal Mapping Exercise. In: S. Behrman and A. Kent, eds., Climate Refugees: Beyond the Legal Impasse? New York: Routledge, 16–33.
Verchick, R.R.M., 2018. Can “Loss and Damage” Carry the Load? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London [online], 376, 20170070. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0070 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Walia, H., 2013. Undoing Border Imperialism. Chico: AK Press.
Walicki, N., and Swain, M., 2016. Pushed Aside: Displaced for “Development” [online]. Thematic report. India Internal Displacement Center/Norwegian Refugee Council. July. Available from: http://www.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/201607-ap-india-pushed-aside-en.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Walshe, R.A., and Stancioff, C.E., 2018. Small island perspectives on climate change. Island Studies Journal [online], 13(1), 13–24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.56 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Warner, K., 2011. Global Environmental Change and Migration: Methodological Considerations from Ground-breaking Global Survey. Population and Environment [online], 33(1), 3–27. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41487561 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Warner, K., 2012. Human migration and displacement in the context of adaptation to climate change: the Cancun Adaptation Framework and potential for future action. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy [online], 30(6), 1061–1077. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1068/c1209j [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Warner, K., et al., 2009. In Search of Shelter: Mapping the Effects Of Climate Change On Human Migration and Displacement [online]. Report written for UN University, CARE International, Columbia University, the UN Refugee Agency and World Bank. Available from: https://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/documents/clim-migr-report-june09_final.pdf [Accessed 15 May 2019].
Willcox, S., 2016. Climate Change Inundation, Self-Determination, and Atoll Islands. Human Rights Quarterly [online], 38(4), 1022–1037. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2016.0055 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Williams, E., 1994. Capitalism and Slavery. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Williams, R.A., 1991. Columbus’ Legacy: Law as an Instrument of Racial Discrimination against Indigenous Peoples’ Rights of Self-Determination. Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, 8, 51–75.
Wolfe, P., 2016. Traces of History: Elementary Structures of Race. London/New York: Verso.
Wood, S., 2018. The Intersection of Human Trafficking and Immigration. Bill of Health [online], 27 June. Available from: http://blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2018/06/27/the-intersection-of-human-trafficking-and-immigration/ [Accessed 15 June 2019].
Wyman, K.M., 2017. Limiting the National Right to Exclude. University of Miami Law Review, 72(2), 425–475. Available from: https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr/vol72/iss2/6/ [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Yusoff, K., 2018. A Billion Black Anthropocenes or None. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Zárate-Toledo, E., Patiño, R., and Fraga, J., 2019. Justice, social exclusion and indigenous opposition: A case study of wind energy development on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Energy Research & Social Science [online], 54, 1–11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.03.004 [Accessed 8 June 2020].
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Carmen G. Gonzalez
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
OSLS strictly respects intellectual property rights and it is our policy that the author retains copyright, and articles are made available under a Creative Commons licence. The Creative Commons Non-Commercial Attribution No-Derivatives licence is our default licence, further details available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 If this is not acceptable to you, please contact us.
The non-exclusive permission you grant to us includes the rights to disseminate the bibliographic details of the article, including the abstract supplied by you, and to authorise others, including bibliographic databases, indexing and contents alerting services, to copy and communicate these details.
For information on how to share and store your own article at each stage of production from submission to final publication, please read our Self-Archiving and Sharing policy.
The Copyright Notice showing the author and co-authors, and the Creative Commons license will be displayed on the article, and you must agree to this as part of the submission process. Please ensure that all co-authors are properly attributed and that they understand and accept these terms.
