Hate crime, policing, and the deployment of racial and cultural diversity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1129Keywords:
Hate crime, policing, race and diversityAbstract
This paper examines how diversity is mobilized and deployed as a form of hate crime response in the York Regional Police Service, and how commitments to racial and cultural diversity embedded in the framework of hate crime policy are interpreted by police officers engaged in the frontline policing of hate crimes. Hate crime policies and specialized training programs in Ontario were developed around two central foci: 1) traditional policing concerns involving proper investigative techniques, evidence collection, documentation, and officer roles and responsibilities; and 2) emerging concerns regarding victim care, community relations, and commitments to racial and cultural diversity. Drawing on interviews with officers stationed at all five of the Service’s divisional locations, this paper shows how commitments to diversity embedded in the Service’s approach to hate crime exist along-side, and in conflict with, officer perceptions that see diversity as a source of the problem of hate.
Downloads
Metrics
Downloads:
PDF 1518
References
Ahmed, S., 2000. Strange Encounters: Embodied Others in Post-Coloniality. New York: Routledge.
Ahmed, S., 2004. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. New York: Routledge.
Ahmed, S., 2012. On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life. Durham: Duke University Press.
Bannerji, H., 2000. The Dark Side of the Nation: Essays on Multiculturalism, Nationalism and Gender. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.
Bell, J., 2002. Policing Hatred: Law Enforcement, Civil Rights and Hate Crime. New York University Press.
Berman, M., 2014. Investigations, outrage follow police chokehold and Eric Garner’s death. The Washington Post [online], 21 July. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/07/21/investigations-outrage-follow-police-chokehold-and-eric-garners-death/ [Accessed 10 September 2020].
Boyd, E., Berk, E., and Hamner, K., 1996. Motivated by Hatred or Prejudice: Categorization of hate-motivated crime in two police divisions. Law & Society Review [online], 30, 819–850. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2307/3054119 [Accessed 10 September 2020].
Buchanan, L., et al., 2015. What Happened in Ferguson? The New York Times [online], 10 August. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/08/13/us/ferguson-missouri-town-under-siege-after-police-shooting.html [Accessed 10 September 2020].
Canada, Minister of Justice, 1966. Report to the Minister of Justice of the Special Committee on Hate Propaganda in Canada-Cohen Report. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer.
Canadian Multiculturalism Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. 24 (4th Supp.)).
Chakraborti, N., and Garland, J., 2010. Hate Crime: Impact, Causes and Responses. London: Sage.
Chakraborti, N., ed., 2010. Hate Crime: Concepts, Policy, Future Directions. Devon: Willan.
Chan, W., and Chunn, D., 2014. Racialization, Crime, and Criminal Justice in Canada. University of Toronto Press.
Day, R., 1998. Constructing the official Canadian: a genealogy of the mosaic methophor in state policy discourse. Topia [online], vol. 2, 42–66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3138/topia.2.42 [Accessed 10 September 2020].
Fitzsimmons, E., 2014. Video Shows Cleveland Officer Shot Boy in 2 Seconds. The New York Times [online], 26 November. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/27/us/video-shows-cleveland-officer-shot-tamir-rice-2-seconds-after-pulling-up-next-to-him.html [Accessed 10 September 2020].
Griffiths, C.T., Parent, R.B., and Whitelow, B., 2001. Community Policing in Canada. Toronto: Neilson.
Hage, G., 2000. White Nation: Fantasies of White Supremacy within a Multicultural Society. London: Routledge.
Hall, N., 2012. Policing hate crime in London and New York City: Some reflections on the factors influencing effective law enforcement, service provision and public trust and confidence. International Review of Victimology [online], 18(1), 73. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758011422477 [Accessed 10 September 2020].
Haque, E., 2012. Multiculturalism within a Bilingual Framework: Language, Race, and Belonging in Canada. University of Toronto Press.
Henry, F., et al., 2017. The Equity Myth: Racialization and Indigeneity at Canadian Universities. Vancouver/Toronto: UBC Press.
Iganski, P., ed., 2002. The Hate Debate: Should Hate Be Punished as a Crime? London: Profile Books.
Jiwani, Y., 2011. Hierarchies of Worthiness: Women and Victimhood in Canadian Media. Briarpatch [online], 6 May. Available from: https://briarpatchmagazine.com/articles/view/hierarchies-of-worthiness [Accessed 10 September 2020].
Karimi, F., Shoichet, C.E., and Ellis, R., 2016. Dallas Sniper Attack: 5 Officers Killed, Suspect Identified. CNN [online], 9 July. Available from: https://www.cnn.com/2016/07/08/us/philando-castile-alton-sterling-protests/index.html [Accessed 10 September 2020].
Kazarian, S., et al., 2007. Diversity Issues in Law Enforcement. Toronto: Emond.
Lentin, A., 2014. Post-race, post politics: the paradoxical rise of culture after multiculturalism. Ethnic and Racial Studies [online],37(8), 1268–1285. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2012.664278 [Accessed 10 September 2020].
Mackey, E., 2002. The House of Difference: Cultural Politics and National Identity in Canada. University of Toronto Press.
O’Shea, K., 2016. Walter Scott shooting: Officer said his mind was like “spaghetti”. CNN [online], 30 November. Available from: https://www.cnn.com/2016/11/29/us/michael-slager-murder-trial-walter-scott/index.html [Accessed 10 September 2020].
Ontario Police College, 2007. Responding to Hate Crimes: An Ontario Police Officer’s Guide to Investigation and Prevention [online]. Toronto: Ontario Police College. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12389/20235 [Accessed 10 September 2020].
Perry, B., 2001. In the Name of Hate: Understanding Hate Crimes. New York: Routledge.
Pitman, R., Russell, J., and Burbach, D., 1993. Report on Hate Group Activity in Ontario Environmental Scan. Solicitor General Canada, Ontario Regional Office.
Police Services Act, R.S.O. 1990.
Razack, S., 2008. Casting Out: The Eviction of Muslims from Western Law and Politics. University of Toronto Press.
Roberts, J., and Hastings, A., 2001. Sentencing in Cases of Hate-Motivated Crime: An Analysis of Subparagraph 718.2(a)(i) of the Criminal Code. Queen’s Law Journal, 27, 93–128.
Rosen, P., 1994. Hate Propaganda. Ottawa: Library of Parliament Research Branch.
Rowe, M., 2012. Policing, Race and Racism. London: Routledge.
Shaffer, M., 1995. Criminal Responses to Hate-Motivated Violence: Is Bill C-41Tough Enough? McGill Law Journal, 41, 200–251.
Statistics Canada, 2016. Census Profile: York, Regional Municipality [Census Subdivision] [online]. Ottawa. Available from: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=3519&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=York&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Population&TABID=3 [Accessed 11 August 2018].
Stout, B., 2010. Equality and Diversity in Policing. Exeter: Learning Matters.
Tator, C., and Henry, F., 2006. The Dominant Discourses of White Public Authorities: Narratives of Denial, Deflection, and Oppression. In: C. Tator and F. Henry, Racial Profiling in Canada: Challenging the Myth of a “Few Bad Apples”. Toronto University Press, 123–150.
Thobani, S., 2007. Exalted Subjects: Studies in the Making of Race and Nation in Canada. University of Toronto.
Tilley, N., 2003. Community Policing, Problem-oriented Policing and Intelligence led Policing. In: T. Newburn, ed., Handbook of Policing. Compton: Willan, 311–339.
Toronto Police Service, no date. Community Consultative Process [online]. Available from: http://www.torontopolice.on.ca/community/ccc.php [Accessed 10 September 2020].
Weigel, D., 2016. Texas Republicans blame Black Lives Matter for Shooting of Dallas Police. The Washington Post [online], 8 July. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/07/08/texas-republicans-blame-black-lives-matter-for-shooting-of-dallas-police/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.ba3dff3b90eb [Accessed 10 September 2020].
York Regional Police Service, 2016a. Annual Statistical Report. Aurora: York Regional Police.
York Regional Police Service, 2016b. Diversity, Equity and Inclusion [online]. Aurora: York Regional Police. Available from: https://www.yrp.ca/en/about/Diversity-Equity-and-Inclusion.asp?_mid_=336 [Accessed 10 September 2020].
York Regional Police Service, 2017. Annual Statistical Report. Aurora: York Regional Police.
York Regional Police Service, 2018. Annual Statistical Report. Aurora: York Regional Police.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Timothy Bryan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
OSLS strictly respects intellectual property rights and it is our policy that the author retains copyright, and articles are made available under a Creative Commons licence. The Creative Commons Non-Commercial Attribution No-Derivatives licence is our default licence, further details available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 If this is not acceptable to you, please contact us.
The non-exclusive permission you grant to us includes the rights to disseminate the bibliographic details of the article, including the abstract supplied by you, and to authorise others, including bibliographic databases, indexing and contents alerting services, to copy and communicate these details.
For information on how to share and store your own article at each stage of production from submission to final publication, please read our Self-Archiving and Sharing policy.
The Copyright Notice showing the author and co-authors, and the Creative Commons license will be displayed on the article, and you must agree to this as part of the submission process. Please ensure that all co-authors are properly attributed and that they understand and accept these terms.
