The colonial limits of the criminalization of ecocide before the International Criminal Court
Keywords:
Processes of criminalization, ecocide, International Criminal CourtAbstract
The international criminalization of ecocide has been the subject of debate for the last fifty years, with the most recent proposal appearing in the context of accelerating climate change. This article aims to engage in this debate, starting from the field of Latin American critical criminology, informed by decolonial literature, indigenous climate studies and Southern green criminology. Through theoretical and documentary research, the article aims to understand how the stated objectives of the criminalization of ecocide at the international level dialect with the cognitive and material bases of the operationalization of the international criminal justice system, especially with regard to the colonial origins of genocide, ecocide and the actual operationalization of the International Criminal Court itself.
Downloads
Downloads:
14(2)_De_Nardin_Budo_SZ (Português (Brasil)) 74
References
Agozino, B., 2021. Reparative justice: The final stage of decolonization. Punishment & Society [online], 23(5), 613-630. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745211024342
Amazon Watch, 2020. Relatório Cumplicidade na Destruição [online]. Disponível em: https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2020-cumplicidade-na-destruicao-3.pdf
Andrade, V.R.P., 2003. A ilusão de segurança jurídica: do controle da violência à violência do controle penal. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado.
Aniyar de Castro, L., 1980. El delito de cuello blanco en América Latina: una investigación necesaria. ILANUD al día, 3(8), 79-81.
Baldwin, A., e Erickson, B., 2020. Introduction: Whiteness, coloniality, and the Anthropocene. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space [online], 38(1), 3–11. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775820904485
Baratta, A., 1994. Funções instrumentais e simbólicas do direito penal. Lineamentos de uma teoria do bem jurídico. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Criminais [online], 2(5). Disponível em: https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7666460/mod_folder/content/0/BARATTA%2C%20Alessandro.%20Fun%C3%A7%C3%B5es%20instrumentais%20e%20simb%C3%B3licas%20do%20direito%20penal..pdf
Baratta, A., 2002. Criminologia crítica e crítica do direito penal. Rio de Janeiro: Revan/ICC.
Becker, H.S., 2008. Outsiders: estudos de sociologia do desvio. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar.
Bento, M.A., 2022. O pacto da branquitude. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
Bernardino-Costa, J, Maldonado Torres, N., e Grosfoguel, R., eds., 2018. Decolonialidade e pensamento afrodiaspórico. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica.
Bhambra, G.K., e Newell, P., 2023. More than a metaphor: “climate colonialism” in perspective. Global Social Challenges Journal [online], 2(2), 179-187. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1332/EIEM6688
Bombardi, L., 2021. Geography of Asymmetry: the vicious cycle of pesticides and colonialism in the commercial relationship between Mercosur and the European Union. Brussels: The Left in the European Parliament.
Budó, M.D, et al., 2022. Introdução à criminologia verde: perspectivas críticas, decoloniais e do Sul. São Paulo: Tirant lo Blanch.
Budó, M.D., et al., 2024. A política criminal do ecocídio no Brasil: propostas de criminalização entre subversão e reprodução da modernidade/ colonialidade penal. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Criminais, 32(203), 137-172.
Carneiro, S., 2022. Dispositivo de racialidade: a construção do outro como não-ser como fundamento do ser. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar.Césaire, A., 2020. Discurso sobre o colonialismo. São Paulo: Veneta.
Chakrabarty, D., 2009. The Climate of History: Four Theses. Critical Inquiry [online], 35(2), 197–222. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1086/596640
Chiaramonte, X., 2023. Uccidere la casa? Sulle problematiche implicazioni dell’ecocidio. Jura Gentium, 20(1), 173-197.
Christie, N., 1986. The Ideal Victim. Em: E.A. Fattah, ed., From Crime Policy to Victim Policy [online]. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08305-3_2
Crook, M., Short, D., e South, N., 2018. Ecocide, genocide, capitalism and colonialism: Consequences for indigenous peoples and glocal ecosystems environments. Theoretical Criminology [online], 22(3), 298–317. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480618787176
Crook, M., e Short D., 2014. Marx, Lemkin and the genocide–ecocide nexus. International Journal of Human Rights [online], 18(3), 298–319. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2014.914703
Davis, H., e Todd, Z., 2017. On the Importance of a Date, or, Decolonizing the Anthropocene. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies [online], 16(4), 761–780. Disponível em: https://acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/1539
Del Olmo, R., 1987. Aerobiology and the war on drugs: A transnational crime. Crime and Social Justice 30, 28–44.
Du Bois, W.E.B., 1998. Black Reconstruction In America 1860–1880. Nova Iorque: Free Press.
Escobar, A., 2011. Epistemologías de la naturaleza y colonialidad de la naturaleza. Variedades de realismo y constructivismo. Em: L. Montenegro Martínez, ed., Cultura y Naturaleza. Jardín Botánico de Bogotá, José Celestino Mutis.
Fanon, F., 2008. Pele Negra, Máscaras Brancas. Salvador: EDUFBA.
Flauzina, A.L.P., 2014. As fronteiras raciais do genocídio. Revista de Direito da Universidade de Brasília, 1(1), 119–146.
Foster, J.B., Clark, B., e York, R., 2010. The Ecological Rift: Capitalism’s War on the Earth. Nova Iorque: Monthly Review Press.
Galtung, J., 1969. Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research [online], 6(3), 167–191. Disponível em: http://www.jstor.org/stable/422690
Garbett, C., 2017. The International Criminal Court and restorative justice: victims, participation and the processes of justice. Restorative Justice [online], 5(2), 198-220. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/20504721.2017.1339953
Gilroy, P., 2012. O Atlântico negro: Modernidade e dupla consciência. 2ªed. São Paulo: Editora 34.
Goyes, D.R., 2019. Southern Green Criminology: A Science to End Ecological Discrimination. Bingley: Emerald.
Goyes, D. R., et al., 2021. Genocide and ecocide in four Colombian Indigenous Communities: The Erosion of a way of life and memory. The British Journal of Criminology [online], 61(4), 965–984. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa109
Grosfoguel, R., 2018. Para uma visão decolonial da crise civilizatória e dos paradigmas da esquerda ocidentalizada. Em: J. Bernardino-Costa, N. Maldonado-Torres e R. Grosfoguel, Decolonialidade e Pensamento Afrodiaspórico. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 62-88.
Falk, R., 1973. Environmental Warfare and Ecocide — Facts, Appraisal, and Proposals. Bulletin of Peace Proposals, 4(1), 80–96.
Gauger, A., et al., 2012. The Ecocide Project: “Ecocide is the missing 5th Crime Against Peace” [online]. Londres: Human Rights Consortium/University of London. Disponível em: https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/4830/1/Ecocide_research_report_19_July_13.pdf
Haraway, D., 2015. Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making Kin. Environmental Humanities [online], 6(1), 159–165. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1215/22011919-3615934
Higgins, P., 2015. Eradicating Ecocide: Laws and governance to prevent the destruction of our planet. 2a ed. Londres: Shepheard Walwyn.
Higgins, P., Short, D., e South, N., 2013. Protecting the planet: a proposal for a law of ecocide. Crime, Law and Social Change [online], 59(3), 251-266. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9413-6
International Law Commission, 1996. Document on crimes against the environment, prepared by Mr. Christian Tomuschat, member of the Commission. Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission [online], 2(1). Disponível em: https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/ilc_xlviii_dc_crd3.pdf
Killean, R., 2022. Reparations in the Aftermath of Ecocide [online]. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4315496
Krenak, A., 2019. Ideias para adiar o fim do mundo. São Paulo: Cia. das Letras.
Krenak, A., 2022. Futuro Ancestral. São Paulo: Cia. das Letras.
Katz, R., 2010. The corporate crimes of Dow Chemical and the failure to regulate environmental pollution. Critical Criminology, 18(4), 295‐306.
Lemkin, R., 1946. Genocide. American Scholar, 15(2), 227-230.
LeMenager, S., 2021. Love and Theft; or, Provincializing the Anthropocene. PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America [online], 136(1), 102-109. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1632/S0030812920000127
Lewis, S., e Maslin, M., 2015. Defining the Anthropocene. Nature [online], 51(91), 71–80. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14258
Maia, M., e Dias, T., 2022. A dupla agência do Tribunal Penal Internacional e a resistência africana ao legado da colonialidade: a complexa relação entre os países africanos e o mecanismo internacional. Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política [online], (115), 271–298. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-271298/115
Mbembe, A., 2003. Micropolíticas. Trad.: L. Meintjes. Public Culture, 15(1), 11-40.
Mies, M., e Shiva, V., 2014. Ecofeminism. Londres: Zed Books.
Mignolo, W. D., 2018. The Decolonial Option. Em: W. Mignolo e C. Walsh, On decoloniality: Concepts, Analytics, Praxis. Durham: Duke University Press, 105-244.
Moore, J.W., 2017. The Capitalocene, Part I: on the nature and origins of our ecological crisis. The Journal of Peasant Studies [online], 44(3), 594–630. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1235036
Nascimento, A., 2016. O genocídio do negro brasileiro: processo de um racismo mascarado. São Paulo: Perspectivas.
Natali, L., Berti, A., e Budó, M.D., 2023. What About Environmental “Victims”? Methodological Reflections for an Activist Criminology. Em: V. Canning, G. Martin e S. Tombs, eds., The Emerald Handbook of Activist Criminology. Leeds: Emerald.
Neves, E.G., 2022. Sob os tempos do equinócio: oito mil anos de história na Amazônia central. São Paulo: Ubu.
Cawamura, A.S., et al., 2021. Desmonte da política ambiental: atos normativos produzidos no ano de 2020 durante o governo Bolsonaro [online]. Clínica de Direito Ambiental Paulo Nogueira Neto – Observatório Ambiental. São Paulo: USP. Disponível em: https://cpannusp.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/observatorio-ambiental-2020-versao-final-1.pdf
Odorossi, D., e Souza, R., 2021. Alemanha, França e Reino Unido se desculpam por passado colonial. CNN Brasil [online], 9 jun. Disponível em: https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/alemanha-franca-e-reino-unido-se-desculpam-por-passado-colonial/
Pali, B., Tepper, F., e Forsyth, M., eds., 2022. The Palgrave Handbook of Environmental Restorative Justice. Londres: Palgrave.
Pulido, L., 2018. Racism and the Anthropocene. Em: G. Mitman, R. Emmett e M. Armiero, eds., The Remains of the Anthropocene. University of Chicago Press, 116–128.
Quijano, A., 2005. Colonialidade do poder, Eurocentrismo e América Latina. Em: E. Lander, ed., A colonialidade do saber: eurocentrismo e ciências sociais. Perspectivas latino-americanas. Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 107.
Rovirosa-Madrazo, C., 2023. Eurocentrism and Anthropocentrism in International Law? Obstacles for the criminalisation of ecocide at the ICC. Proceedings of the Symposium “An international crime of ecocide: new Perspectives” [online]. The Promise Institute for Human Rights, UCLA School of Law. Disponível em: https://ecocidelaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/13-Rovirosa-Madrazo-Eurocentrism-and-Anthropocentrism-in-International-Law.pdf
Schwöbel-Patel, C., 2018. The “Ideal” Victim of International Criminal Law. European Journal of International Law [online], 29(3), 703–724. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chy056
Segato, R., 2021. Crítica da colonialidade em oito ensaios e uma antropologia por demanda. Rio de Janeiro: Bazar do tempo.
Silva, K.S., 2023. “Meu mundo, minhas regras”: direito internacional, branquitude e o genocídio do povo negro brasileiro. Revista de Direito Internacional [online], 20(1), 12-35. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5102/rdi.v20i1.8634.
Sultana, F., 2022. The unbearable heaviness of climate coloniality. Political Geography [online], 99. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102638.
Short, D., 2016. Redefining genocide: Settler colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide. Londres: Zed Books.
Stop Ecocide, 2021. Independent Expert Panel for the Legal Definition of Ecocide [online]. Disponível em: https://www.stopecocide.earth/expert-drafting-panel.
Stretesky, P., Long, M., e Lynch, M., 2013. The Treadmill of Crime. Londres: Routledge.
Tribunal Permanente dos Povos (TPP), 2022. 49ª Sessão em defesa dos territórios do Cerrado (2019-2022) [online]. Disponível em: https://tribunaldocerrado.org.br/veredito/
The Office of the Prosecutor, 2016. Policy paper on case selection and prioritisation [online]. International Criminal Court. 15 setembro. Disponível em: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/itemsDocuments/20160915_OTP-Policy_Case-Selection_Eng.pdf
The United Nations Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 2001. International Organizations. [Web Archive]. Washington, DC: Library of Congress. Disponível em: https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0018822/.
Tuck, E., e Yang, K.W., 2012. Decolonization Is Not a Metaphor. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society [online], 1(1), 1–40. Disponível em: https://clas.osu.edu/sites/clas.osu.edu/files/Tuck%20and%20Yang%202012%20Decolonization%20is%20not%20a%20metaphor.pdf
Tuxá, F., 2021. Negacionismo histórico e genocídio indígena no Brasil. Em: M. Zelic, A. Zema e E. Moreira, eds., Genocídio indígena e políticas integracionistas: demarcando a escrita no campo da memória [online]. São Paulo: IPR, 22-44. Disponível em: https://repositorio.bvspovosindigenas.fiocruz.br/handle/bvs/4620
van Dijk, J., 2009. Free the victim: A critique of the Western conception of victimhood. International Review of Victimology [online], 16(1), 1–33. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/026975800901600101
Vargas, J.C., 2008. Never meant to survive: genocide and utopias in black diaspora communities. Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield.
Vergès, F., 2017. Racial Capitalocene. Em: T. Johnson e A. Lubin, eds., Futures of Black Radicalism. Londres: Verso, 72–82.
Walsh, C., 2018. Decoloniality in/as Praxis. Em: W. Mignolo e C. Walsh, On decoloniality: Concepts, Analytics, Praxis. Durham: Duke University Press, 15-104.
Wekker, G., 2016. White Innocence: paradoxes of colonialism and race. Londres: Duke University Press.
Whyte, D., 2020. Ecocide: Kill the Corporation Before It Kills Us. Manchester University Press.
Whyte, D., e Bernat, I., in press, 2024. Introduction. Environmental Politics.
Whyte, K., 2017. Indigenous Climate Change Studies: Indigenizing Futures, Decolonizing the Anthropocene. English Language Notes [online], 55(1-2), 153–162. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-55.1-2.153
Whyte, K., 2019. Too late for indigenous climate justice: ecological and relational tipping points. WIREs Climate Change [online], 11(1). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.603
Wise, L., 2021. The Genocide-Ecocide Nexus in Sudan: Violent “Development” and the Racial-Spatial Dynamics of (Neo)Colonial-Capitalist Extraction. Journal of Genocide Research [online], 23(2), 189–211. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2021.1887057
Yusoff, K, 2018. A Billion Black Anthropocenes or None. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Zaffaroni, E.R., 1991. Em busca das penas perdidas: a deslegitimação do sistema penal. Rio de Janeiro: Revan.
Zaffaroni, E.R., 2022. Colonialismo y Derechos Humanos: Apuntes para una historia criminal del mundo. Buenos Aires: Penguin.
Zunino, M., 2016. Subversive Justice: The Russell Vietnam War Crimes Tribunal and Transitional Justice. International Journal of Transitional Justice [online], 10(2), 211–229. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijw007
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Marília De Nardin Budó
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Sortuz: Oñati Journal of Emergent Socio-Legal Studies provides immediate open access to all its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
All articles are published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright and publishing rights are held by the authors of the articles. We do, however, kindly ask for later publications to indicate Sortuz as the original source.