El Esencialismo Constitucional: la Constitución Española al Servicio de la Unidad Nacional (Constitutional Essentialism: the Use of the Spanish Constitution to Defend National Unity)
Palavras-chave:
Spanish Constitution, constitutionalism, constitutional essentialism, nation, Constitución española, constitucionalismo, esencialismo constitucional, naciónResumo
A Constitution is not only the supreme norm of a state: as well as regulating the sources of law, the organisation of state powers, and the establishment of fundamental rights and liberties, Constitutions have an emotional element which transcends the abstract formality of law. The concepts of belief (Ortega y Gasset 1994), social fact (Durkheim 1974), and institutional fact (Searle 1977, 1980, 1997) are useful to understand properly how a Constitution actually works. Firstly, this paper will explore all those concepts; then, an attempt will be made to apply them to constitutional reality.
I will focus on the Spanish Constitution of 1978. In Spain the Constitution is used as a weapon in order to defend a specific political option successfully. In the absence of other arguments, some scholars resort to the holy Constitution: thus, what is declared unconstitutional becomes (even morally) rejected. It is particularly notable regarding the territorial organisation of the state. This paper will examine the way in which the Constitution is instrumentally used in Spain aiming to champion a particular national conception from –and even against– others. The result is a genuine constitutional essentialism –or fundamentalism–.
Una Constitución es algo más que la norma suprema de un Estado: además de regular el sistema de fuentes, la organización básica del Estado y establecer el catálogo de derechos fundamentales, la Constitución presenta un componente emocional que trasciende la mera legalidad formal. El funcionamiento real de una Constitución se entiende mejor acudiendo a los conceptos de creencia (Ortega y Gasset 1994), hecho social (Durkheim 1974) y hecho institucional (Searle 1977, 1980, 1997), que serán analizados en este artículo y aplicados a la realidad constitucional.
Para ilustrar esta posición, tomaré como referente la Constitución española de 1978. La Constitución en España se viene utilizando como un arma que busca defender una determinada orientación política con mayor solvencia. A fuerza de otros argumentos de mayor peso, se apela a la sagrada Constitución: así, lo calificado como inconstitucional se convierte, desde ese momento, en algo digno del más absoluto y rotundo rechazo, incluso moral. Ello resulta especialmente notable en el tema de la articulación territorial del Estado. Este artículo examinará la forma en que en España se instrumentaliza la Constitución de 1978 con el fin de defender una particular concepción nacional frente a –y también contra– otras. El resultado es un auténtico esencialismo –o fundamentalismo– constitucional.
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