Taxation’s Troubling Toxicity
Palavras-chave:
Taxation, tax reform, income disparity, federal deficit, federal debt, supply-side economics, fiscal politics, Tributación, reforma fiscal, disparidad de ingresos, déficit federal, deuda federal, economía de la oferta, política fiscalResumo
Occupy Wall Street spurred cries of indignation, including calls to reform the tax code. This article examines the difficulty of raising taxes in the United States at a time when the federal government faces many needs and new taxes could help address the growing income disparity. In Part 1, it looks at several trends—the substantial federal deficit and rising debt, the lack of funding for infrastructure, and increasing income disparity among US residents—to establish the premise that resistance to higher taxes is troublesome. The article then turns to the question why taxes are viewed negatively. It surveys literature about the general public’s attitudes toward taxation (Part 2) and the intensely political views of taxation on and surrounding Capitol Hill (Part 3). Parts 2 and 3 confirm the challenges of raising federal taxes and find a range of forces at work with varying levels of intensity. Part 4 looks forward and considers mechanisms that might help overcome the perception of taxes as politically poisonous and increase their acceptance. The article draws on research from numerous disciplines, but its analysis of potential paths forward looks through the lens of the law at ways in which various legal procedures and legally oriented approaches might help overcome resistance. It concludes that taxation is politically toxic, which is troublesome given the important roles that taxation plays in society, but that there are some glimmers of hope that the structure and details of the law may help create some opportunities for change.
Occupy Wall Street impulsó gritos de indignación, incluyendo una llamada a reformar el código tributario. Este artículo analiza la dificultad de aumentar los impuestos en Estados Unidos, en un momento en el que el gobierno federal se enfrenta a muchas necesidades, y la creación de nuevos impuestos podría ayudar a abordar la creciente disparidad de ingresos. En la Parte 1, se tratan diversas tendencias —el sustancial déficit federal y el aumento de la deuda, la falta de financiación para infraestructuras, y el aumento de la diferencia de ingresos entre los residentes de EE.UU.—, para establecer la premisa de que la resistencia a la subida de impuestos es problemática. Seguidamente, se aborda la cuestión de por qué los impuestos se perciben de forma negativa. Se examina la literatura sobre la actitud del público en general hacia la fiscalidad (Parte 2) y la visión política sobre los impuestos que rodea el Capitolio (Parte 3). Las partes 2 y 3 confirman los retos de aumentar los impuestos federales, y encuentran una variedad de fuerzas que trabajan con diferentes niveles de intensidad. La sección 4 busca y plantea mecanismos que podrían ayudar a superar la percepción de los impuestos como un hecho políticamente perjudicial, y aumentar así su aceptación. El artículo se basa en la investigación de numerosas disciplinas, pero el análisis de posibles vías de avance se enfoca a través del derecho, mediante procedimientos y acercamientos legales diversos, que ayuden a superar la resistencia. Se llega a la conclusión de que los impuestos son políticamente perjudiciales, lo que es problemático, dado el papel tan importante que la fiscalidad juega en la sociedad. Sin embargo, hay algunos visos de esperanza de que la estructura y los detalles legislativos puedan ayudar a crear algunas oportunidades de cambio.
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