Anti-corruption legislation in Puerto Rico: A sociolegal study of the registry of persons convicted of corruption
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.1676Keywords:
Corruption, anti-corruption reforms, colonialism, legislation, punitive governanceAbstract
This paper engages in a sociolegal analysis of the anti-corruption legislation enacted by the Puerto Rican Government in the aftermath of Maria (2017). The paper pays particular attention to the implementation and sociolegal impact of Act 2 of January 4, 2018, entitled, “The Anti-Corruption Code for the New Puerto Rico” and the creation of a Registry of Persons Convicted of Corruption. The rationale behind the Act and the Registry is to enforce transparency, open governance, and help the Puerto Rican government in its efforts to eradicate public corruption. Conversely, this paper argues that these reforms have introduce a punitive approach to anti-corruption in PR. Approach that I have termed, punitive governance. The paper suggests Act 2 and the Registry had have a dual outcome: 1) a punitive approach to corruption that harm people in precarious positions, and 2) normalize the structural dynamic enabling corruption the powerful. Thus, this paper intends to illustrate the contradictions in anti-corruption as punitive governance, and the way in which a specific image of corruption is reproduced through governmental actions, legal practices, and discourses.
Downloads
Metrics
Downloads:
14(1)_Atiles_OSLS 312
XML_ 14(1)_Atiles_OSLS 95
References
Apata, G., 2019. Corruption and the Postcolonial State: How the West Invented Africa Corruption. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 37(4), 43–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2018.1497292
Atiles, J., 2020. Exceptionality and Colonial State-Corporate Crime in the Puerto Rican Fiscal and Economic Crisis. Latin American Perspectives, 47(3), 49–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X20911466
Atiles, J., 2021. The COVID-19 Pandemic in Puerto Rico: Exceptionality, Corruption and State-Corporate Crimes. State Crime Journal, 10(1), 104–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13169/statecrime.10.1.0104
Atiles, J., 2022a. From Anti-Corruption to Decolonial Justice: A Sociolegal Analysis of the Puerto Rican Summer of 2019. CENTRO Journal, 34(2), 385–414.
Atiles, J., 2022b. The Paradise Performs: Blockchain, Cryptocurrencies, and the Puerto Rican Tax Haven. South Atlantic Quarterly, 121(3), 612–627. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-9826032
Atiles, J., 2023. Coloniality of Anti-corruption: Whiteness, Disasters and the US anti-corruption policies in Puerto Rico. The Sociological Review [online first]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/00380261231153751 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00380261231153751
Atiles, J., García, G., and Villanueva, J., 2022. Beyond Corruption and Anticorruption Narrative: Introducing a Critical Research for Puerto Rican Studies. CENTRO Journal, 34(2), 7–24.
Bobonis, G., Cámara, L., and Schwabe, R., 2016. Monitoring Corruptible Politicians. American Economic Review, 106(8), 2371–2405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20130874
Boggio, A., 2020. Exposing Indicators’ Fragility: Sally Engle Merry’s Contribution to the Study of Governance Indicators. Law & Society Review, 54(4), 897–900. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12509
Brown, E., and Cloke, J., 2006. The critical business of corruption. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 2(4), 275–298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17422040610706622
Brown, E., and Cloke, J., 2011. Critical perspectives on corruption- An overview. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 7(2), 116–124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17422041111128203
Chen, S., and Ma, H., 2017. Anti-Corruption Reform and Audit Pricing. China Journal of Accounting Studies, 5(4), 395–419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21697213.2017.1423774
Choi, J.W., and Bak, J., 2019. The Roots of Police Corruption and Anti-Corruption Reform in South Korea. Asian Education and Development Studies, 9(2), 169–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-06-2018-0107
Cockcroft, L., and Wegner, A., 2017. Unmasked: Corruption in the West. New York: I.B. Tauris. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350989603
Davis, K., 2012. Governance by indicators: global power through quantification and rankings. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658244.001.0001
Davis, K., Kingsbury, B., and Merry, S.E., 2012. Indicators as a Technology of Global Governance. Law & Society Review, 46(1), 71–104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2012.00473.x
De Maria, B., 2008. Neo-Colonialism through Measurement: A critique of the Corruption Perception Index. Critical Perspective on International Business 4(2/3), 184–202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17422040810870079
Delgado, J., 2021. Puerto Rico Had 631 federal public corruption convictions between 2000 and 2019. El Nuevo Día [online], 12 January. Available from: https://www.elnuevodia.com/english/news/story/puerto-rico-had-631-federal-public-corruption-convictions-between-2000-and-2019/
Doig, A., 2011. Numbers, words and KYC- Knowing your country and knowing your corruption. Critical Perspectives on International Business [online], 7(2), 142–158. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1108/17422041111128221 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17422041111128221
Doshi, S., and Ranganathan, M., 2019a. Towards a Critical Geography of Corruption and Power in Late Capitalism. Progress in Human Geography, 43(3), 436–457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132517753070
Doshi, S., and Ranganathan, M., 2019b. Corruption. In: Antipode Editorial Collective, ed., Keywords in Radical Geography: Antipode at 50. Hoboken/Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 68–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119558071.ch12
Dyer, J., 1997. The Role of Government Auditors in Combating Corruption--The Puerto Rican Experience. Government Accountants Journal 46(3), 30.
Feliciano Reyes, J., 2022. Reviled in Puerto Rico, sent to prison for corruption. Can this Philly native remake herself? Inquirer [online], 17 November. Available from: https://www.inquirer.com/news/julia-keleher-puerto-rico-prison-education-20221117.html
Full Measure Staff, 2021. Puerto Rico Corruption. Full Measure [online], 9 January. Available from: https://fullmeasure.news/news/cover-story/pr-corruption
Gilmore, R.W., 2007. Golden Gulag: Prison, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Go, J., 2000. Chains of Empire, Project of State: Political Education and U.S. colonial Rule in Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 42(2), 333–362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500002498
Green, P., and Ward, T., 2004. State Crime: Government, Violence and Corruption. London: Pluto Press.
Haller, D., and Shore, C., 2005. Corruption: anthropological perspectives. London: Pluto Press.
Heinrich, F., and Brown, A., 2017. Measuring accountability performance and its relevance for anti-corruption: introducing a new integrity system-based measure. Crime, Law & Social Change, 68(3), 359–381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9712-4
Lawlor, P., 2016. The Anaudi Hernandez corruption case and its impact in the PDP, explained. Pasquines [online], 14 September. Available from: https://pasquines.us/2016/09/14/the-anaudi-hernandez-corruption-case-and-its-impact-in-the-pdp-explained/
LeBrón, M., 2019. Policing Life and Death: Race, Violence, and Resistance in Puerto Rico. Oakland: University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520971677
LeBrón, M., 2021. Against Muerto Rico: Lessons from the Verano Boricua. Cabo Rojo: Educación Emergente.
Mazzei, P., 2021. Former Puerto Rico Education Secretary is Sentenced to Prison. New York Times [online], 20 December. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/17/us/puerto-rico-education-corruption-keleher.html
Mazzei, P., and Robles, F., 2019. Ricardo Rosselló, Puerto Rico’s Governor, Resigns After Protests. New York Times [online], 24 July. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/24/us/rossello-puerto-rico-governor-resigns.html/
Merry, S.E., 2011. Measuring the World: Indicators, Human Rights, and Global Governance. Current Anthropology, 52(S3), S83–S95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/657241
Miller, R., 2008. The Erotics of Corruption: Law, Scandal, and Political Perversion. Albany: State University of New York.
Muir, S., and Gupta, A., 2018. Rethinking the Anthropology of Corruption- An Introduction to Supplement 18. Current Anthropology, 59(S18), S4–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/696161
Murphy, J., 2011. Capitalism and transparency. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 7(2), 125–141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17422041111128212
Murphy, J., and Brindusa, O., 2018. The Politics of Transnational Accountability Policies and the (re)construction of Corruption. Accounting Forum, 42(1), 32–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2017.10.005
Nasuti, P., 2016. Administrative Cohesion and Anti-Corruption Reforms in Georgia and Ukraine. Europe-Asia Studies 68(5), 847–867. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2016.1192107
Newkirk, V.R., 2017. The Puerto Rico Power Scandal Expands. The Atlantic [online], 3 November. Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/11/puerto-rico-whitefish-cobra-fema-contracts/544892/
Passas, N., 2020. Anti-Corruption Beyond Illusions: The Pressing Need to Make a Difference. In: B. Makowicz, ed., Yearbook of Global Ethics, Compliance and Integrity. Bern: Peter Lang, 329–339.
Pérez Vargas, L., 2021. ¿Por qué una reforma a la Ley de Ética Gubernamental? El Nuevo Día [online], 19 January. Available from: https://www.elnuevodia.com/opinion/punto-de-vista/por-que-una-reforma-a-la-ley-de-etica-gubernamental/
Pérez-Chiqués, E., and Rubin, E., 2021. Debasement of Merit: The Method and Experience of Political Discrimination by Public Employees in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Review of Public Personnel Administration. 42(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X211014948 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X211014948
Pierce, S., 2006. Looking like a State: Colonialism and the Discourse of Corruption in Northern Nigeria. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 48(4), 887–914. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417506000338
Radics, G., 2001. Globalization, Corruption and the Structural-Historical Perspective. Philippine Sociological Review, 49(1–2), 39–58.
Ranganathan, M., and Doshi, S., 2017. The Color of Corruption: Whiteness and Populist Narratives. Society and Space. [online], 7 February. Available from: https://www.societyandspace.org/articles/the-color-of-corruption-whiteness-and-populist-narratives
Robles, F., 2022. Former Puerto Rico Governor Arrested on Corruption Charges. New York Times [online], 4 August. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/04/us/puerto-rico-wanda-vasquez-arrest.html
Rose-Ackerman, S., 1999. Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform. New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175098
Sampson, S., 2010. The Anti-Corruption Industry: From Movement to Institution. Global Crime, 11(2), 261–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17440571003669258
Sampson, S., 2015. The anti-corruption package. Ephemera: Theory & Politics in Organization, 15(2), 435–443.
Sampson, S., 2019. Citizen duty or Stasi society? Whistleblowing and disclosure regimes in organizations and communities. Ephemera: Theory & Politics in Organization, 19(4), 777–806.
Serrano, O., 2021. Demandan para que se divulgue Registro de Convictos por Corrupción, que se supone fuera público desde 2018. Noticel [online], 7 March. Available from: https://www.noticel.com/tribunales/ahora/top-stories/20210307/demandan-para-que-se-divulgue-registro-de-convictos-por-corrupcion-que-se-supone-fuera-publico-desd/
Sierra, G., 2020. Don’t Hold Puerto Rico hostage: Pass the Earthquake Supplemental. The Hill [online], 7 May. Available from: https://thehill.com/opinion/finance/496679-dont-hold-puerto-rico-hostage-pass-the-earthquake-supplemental-act#.XrVxLFg1Czk.twitter
Torrez, J., 2002. The Effect of Openness on Corruption. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 11(4), 387–403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0963819022000014267
Valentín, L., and Minet, C., 2019. Las 889 páginas de Telegram entre Rosselló Nevares y sus allegados. Centro de Periodismo Investigativo [online], 13 July. Available from: https://periodismoinvestigativo.com/2019/07/las-889-paginas-de-telegram-entre-rossello-nevares-y-sus-allegados/
Villanueva, J., 2019. Corruption Narrative and Colonial Technologies in Puerto Rico. NACLA, 51(2), 188–193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2019.1617489
Whyte, D., ed., 2015. How Corrupt is Britain? London: Pluto Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt183p7g4
Zaloznaya, M., 2013. Beyond Anti-Corruptionism: Sociological Imagination and Comparative Study of Corruption. Comparative Sociology [online], 12(5), 705–751. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341281 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341281
Zaloznaya, M., and Reisinger, W., 2020. Mechanisms of Decoupling from Global Regimes: The Case of Anti-Corruption Reforms in Russia and Ukraine. Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 28(1), 77–111.
Zaloznaya, M., Reisinger, W., and Claypool, V., 2018. When Civil Engagement is Part of the Problem: Flawed Anti-Corruptionism in Russia and Ukraine. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 51(3), 245–255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2018.06.003
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Jose Manuel Atiles-Osoria
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
OSLS strictly respects intellectual property rights and it is our policy that the author retains copyright, and articles are made available under a Creative Commons licence. The Creative Commons Non-Commercial Attribution No-Derivatives licence is our default licence, further details available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 If this is not acceptable to you, please contact us.
The non-exclusive permission you grant to us includes the rights to disseminate the bibliographic details of the article, including the abstract supplied by you, and to authorise others, including bibliographic databases, indexing and contents alerting services, to copy and communicate these details.
For information on how to share and store your own article at each stage of production from submission to final publication, please read our Self-Archiving and Sharing policy.
The Copyright Notice showing the author and co-authors, and the Creative Commons license will be displayed on the article, and you must agree to this as part of the submission process. Please ensure that all co-authors are properly attributed and that they understand and accept these terms.