Gendered Struggles over Residency Rights when Turkish Immigrant Marriages Break up
Mots-clés :
Turkish immigrants, Marriage migration, Gender and power, Marital conflicts, Divorce, Transnational social spaces, Inmigrantes turcos, matrimonios de emigración, género y poder, conflictos matrimoniales, divorcio, espacios sociales transnacionalesRésumé
Transnational marriages – where immigrant offspring marry spouses from their parents’ country of origin – have been common across Europe. If such marriages end in divorce before a given probationary period is over, the marriage migrant spouses may have to leave Europe again, a fact which affects the power balance in such marriages in their first years. Combining quantitative and qualitative data on divorces in Turkish transnational marriages in Denmark, this article sheds light on the interaction between gender and power in such cases of marital break-up. The statistics show that of the app. 9300 Turkish couples who married transnationally in the 1980s and 1990, around 2000 marriages ended in divorce, and app. 450-500 divorced individuals subsequently left Denmark.
Interviews with divorced Turkish men and women document that gender strongly affects the power of the sponsoring spouse: While sponsoring men may act with great audacity in expelling quite powerless marriage migrant wives, sponsoring women can also seek to expel unwanted husbands. However, women may do so with greater caution and may more often have to rely on support from Danish state institutions. Furthermore, family relations – especially with the parental generation – may partially counteract the very weak positions of the marriage migrant wives.
Los matrimonios transnacionales -donde descendientes de inmigrantes se casan con cónyuges del país de origen de sus padres- han sido comunes en toda Europa. Si tales matrimonios terminan en divorcio antes de que concluya el período de prueba, los cónyuges emigrantes esposados pueden tener que dejar Europa una vez más, un hecho que afecta al equilibrio de poder de esos matrimonios en sus primeros años. Combinando datos cuantitativos y cualitativos sobre divorcios de matrimonios transnacionales turcos en Dinamarca, este artículo arroja luz sobre la interacción entre el género y el poder en los casos de ruptura conyugal. Las estadísticas muestran que de aproximadamente 9.300 parejas turcas transnacionales casadas entre los años 1980 y 1990, alrededor de 2.000 matrimonios terminaron en divorcio, y aproximadamente 450-500 personas divorciadas abandonaron Dinamarca posteriormente.
Las entrevistas con hombres y mujeres turcas divorciadas documentan que el género influye mucho en el poder del cónyuge patrocinador: mientras que los hombres patrocinadores pueden actuar con gran audacia en la expulsión de las mujeres emigrantes casadas bastante indefensas, las mujeres que patrocinan también pueden tratar de expulsar a los maridos no deseados. Sin embargo, las mujeres pueden hacerlo con mayor cautela y a menudo pueden tener que confiar en el apoyo de las instituciones estatales danesas. Por otra parte, las relaciones familiares -especialmente con la generación de sus padres- puede contrarrestar parcialmente la muy débil posición de las mujeres emigrantes casadas.
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