Impunity as a sanctuary
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1316Mots-clés :
impunity, sanctuary, state crime, legal systemRésumé
Impunity as a sanctuary refers to a situation wherein structures are constituted to prevent the legal system from reacting to criminal conduct. Focusing on the state criminality, this study examines the concept of impunity as a form of interference with the legal process. It also analyzes the continuities between the structures of power prompting criminal conduct and the lack of legal sanction. In this sense, the metaphor “sanctuary” shifts the main understanding of impunity as a problem that is exclusive to the internal operation of the criminal system to a wider constraint that supposes studying possible asymmetries of power from the legal system vis-à-vis other powerful actors. With this purpose, this paper considers a number of cases shedding light to structures of denial and obfuscation that allow to understand the particularities of understanding impunity as a sanctuary.
Téléchargements
Metrics
Downloads:
PDF_12_4_Umaña_OSLS (English) 361
XML_12_4_Umaña_OSLS (English) 33
Références
Aldana-Pindell, R., 2004. An Emerging Universality of Justiciable Victims' Rights in the Criminal Process to Curtail Impunity for State-Sponsored Crimes. Human Rights Quarterly, 26(3), 605–685. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2004.0030
Alston, G.C., 1912. Sanctuary. In: C.G. Herbermann et al., eds., The Catholic Encyclopedia [online]. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Available from: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13430a.htm [Accessed 29 June 2022].
Andreu-Guzmán, F., 1996. Algunas reflexiones sobre impunidad [online]. Seminario Internacional: “Impunidad y sus Efectos en los Procesos Democráticos”. Santiago de Chile, 14 December. Available from: http://www.derechos.org/koaga/xi/2/andreu.html [Accessed 29 June 2022].
Bianchi, H., 1994. Justice as sanctuary: Toward a new system of crime control. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Chambliss, W.J., 1989. State-Organized Crime—The American Society of Criminology, 1988 Presidential Address. Criminology [online], 27, 183-208. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01028.x [Accessed 29 June 2022]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01028.x
CM&, 2011. “El coronel Plazas es un héroe nacional”, afirma el General Navas. YouTube clip. Luis Alfonso Plazas Vega [online], 13 September. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8c8GWEOgntk [Accessed 29 June 2022].
Cohen, S., 2001. States of Denial: Knowing About Atrocities and Suffering. London: Polity Press.
Cohen, S., 2003. Human rights and crimes of the State: The culture of denial. In: E. McLaughlin, ed., Criminological perspectives: Essential readings. 2nd ed. London: Sage.
Cohen, S., 2011. Whose side were we on? The undeclared politics of moral panic theory. Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal, 7(3), 237–243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659011417603
Colprensa, 2013. “En el Palacio de Justicia solo hubo una desaparecida”: Granados. El Colombiano [online], 19 February. Available from: http://www.elcolombiano.com/historico/en_el_palacio_de_justicia_solo_hubo_una_desaparecida_granados-CDEC_229821 [Accessed 29 June 2022].
Corporación Defensoría Militar, 2013. No hay desaparecidos, sino personas sin identificar. Cuadernos de trabajo No. 1. May. Bogotá.
Correa, C., 2009. La impunidad y sus efectos en la sociedad. Revista Revuelta [online], 7(15). Available from: https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/536db9_396771c900984c44be572eb23d775cb5.pdf [Accessed 29 June 2022].
Cruise, C., 1993. Foreword. In: A. Carrigan, The Palace of Justice: A Colombian Tragedy. London/New York: Four Walls Eight Windows.
d’Mazzinghi, T., 1887. Sanctuaries. Stafford: Halden and Son.
David, P., 2006. Measures to Protect Victims of Crime and the Abuse of Power in the Criminal Justice Process [online]. 131st International Training Course, Resource Material Series No. 70. Tokyo: United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI). Available from: https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No70/No70_10VE_David1.pdf [Accessed 29 June 2022].
Doig, A., 2011. State Crime. Oxon: Willan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203832967
DZC, 2015. Colombia: identifican restos de mujeres desaparecidas en 1985. Deutsche Welle [online], 20 October. Available from: https://p.dw.com/p/1GrGY [Accessed 29 June 2022].
El Espectador, 2012a. “No existen los desaparecidos del Palacio de Justicia”: coronel Plazas. El Espectador [online], 3 February. Available from: http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/judicial/no-existen-los-desaparecidos-del-palacio-de-justicia-co-articulo-324547 [Accessed 29 June 2022].
El Espectador, 2012b. Presidente Santos le pidió perdón a Belisario Betancur. El Espectador [online], 1 February. Available from: https://www.elespectador.com/judicial/presidente-santos-le-pidio-perdon-a-belisario-betancur-article-324197/ [Accessed 29 June 2022].
Foucault, M., 2009. Governmentality. In: A. Sharma and A. Gupta, eds., The anthropology of the State: A reader. Malden/Oxford/Carlton: John Wiley & Sons., 131–143.
Friedrichs, D.O., 1992. White Collar Crime and the Definitional Quagmire: A Provisional Solution. Journal of Human Justice, 3(3), 5–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02619287
Gómez Gallego, J.A., et al., 2010. Informe Final: Comisión de la Verdad sobre los hechos del Palacio de Justicia [online]. Bogotá: Universidad del Rosario. Available from: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/8792 [Accessed 29 June 2022].
Green, P., and Ward, T., 2000. State crime, human rights, and the limits of criminology. Social Justice, 27(1), 101–115.
Green, P., and Ward, T., 2004. State Crime: Governments, Violence and Corruption. London: Pluto Press.
Hart, H.L.A., 2012. The Concept of Law. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press.
Helmholz, R., 2012. Sanctuary and crime in the Middle Ages, 400–1500. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 63(3), 588–590. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022046912000541
Hogg, R., 2012. Law, Death and Denial in the “Global War on Terror”. In: S. Bronitt, M. Gani and S. Hufnagel, eds., Shooting to Kill: Socio-Legal Perspectives on the Use of Lethal Force. Oxford: Hart, 83–104.
Human Rights Watch, 2017. World Report 2016. New York: HRW. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447325512
Justicia, 2015. Murió testigo clave en caso sobre holocausto del Palacio de Justicia. El Tiempo [online], 16 June. Available from: http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/justicia/holocausto-palacio-de-justicia-murio-testigo-clave-cabo-edgar-villamizar-espinel/15956955 [Accessed 29 June 2022].
Kauzlarich, D., Matthews, R., and Miller, W., 2001. Toward a Victimology of State Crime. Critical Criminology, 10, 173–194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015744304749
La Noche, 2012. Exclusivo La Noche: Habla el Coronel Plazas Vega sobre la ratificación de su sentencia (Parte III). YouTube clip. La Noche [online], 3 February. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=3fXubmeVAKw&feature=endscreen [Accessed 29 June 2022].
La Rota, M.E., et al., 2010. Proyecto acerca de la violencia contra trabajadores sindicalizados: Evaluación de la judicialización de delitos contra trabajadores sindicalizados [online]. Bogotá: DeJusticia. Available from: https://www.dejusticia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/fi_name_recurso_255.pdf [Accessed 29 June 2022].
Lasslett, K., 2012. Power, Struggle and State Crime: Researching through Resistance. State Crime, 1(1), 126–148.
Neuman, G., 1996. Anomalous Zones. Stanford Law Review, 48(5), 1197–1234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1229384
Plazas Vega, A., 2008. El itinerario de una injusticia. Bogotá: Nomos.
Plazas Vega, A., 2011. ¿Desaparecidos? El negocio del dolor. Bogotá: Dipon.
Redacción El Heraldo, 2012. No existen los desaparecidos: coronel (r) Plazas Vega. El Heraldo [online], 3 February. Available from: http://www.elheraldo.co/noticias/nacional/no-existen-los-desaparecidos-coronel-r-plazas-vega-55718 [Accessed 29 June 2022].
Redacción El Tiempo, 2010. Uribe propone ley para “blindar” a mandos militares en respuesta a condena contra Plazas Vega. El Tiempo [online], 10 June. Available from: https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-7749488 [Accessed 29 June 2022].
Rodenhäuser, T., 2014. Beyond State Crimes: Non-State Entities and Crimes against Humanity. Leiden Journal of International Law, 27(4), 913–928. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156514000417
Ross, J., 1998. Situating the academic study of controlling state crime. Crime, Law and Social Change, 29(4), 331–340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008248216731
Santos, J.M., 2021. Presentación del Expresidente de la República Juan Manuel Santos, ante la Comisión para el Esclarecimiento de la verdad, Convivencia y la No Repetición. Bogotá: CEV.
Schrager, L., and Short, J., 1978. Toward a sociology of organizational crime. Social problems, 25(4), 407–419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/800493
Semana, 2010. Uribe y militares analizan fallo contra Plazas Vega. Semana [online], 9 June. https://www.semana.com/nacion/justicia/articulo/uribe-militares-analizan-fallo-contra-plazas-vega/117811-3/ [Accessed 29 June 2022].
Semana, 2015. “El M-19 es el único responsable”: Plazas Vega. Semana [online], 16 December. Available from: http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/palacio-de-justicia-reaccion-de-plazas-vega-despues-de-ser-absuelto-por-la-corte/453864-3 [Accessed 29 June 2022].
Shoemaker, K., 2011. Sanctuary and crime in the Middle Ages, 400–1500. New York: Fordham University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt13x09p8
Stanley, A.P., 1861. Memorials of Westminster. London: J. Murray.
Steinberg, J., 2013. Dante and the Limits of the Law. University of Chicago Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226071121.001.0001
Tarde, G., 1898. Les transformations de l’impunité. Lyon: Storck.
Umaña, C., 2017. Impunity: in the search of a socio-legal concept Elucidations from a State Crime case study [online]. PhD Diss. University of Ottawa. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10810/26093 [Accessed 29 June 2022].
Umaña, C., 2022. El caso del Palacio de Justicia: un estado del arte. Documento de trabajo 3-2022. Bogotá: Capaz.
UN, 2012. Annual report of the UNHCHR (Doc. A/HRC/19/21/Add.3) [online]. New York: UN General Assembly. Available from: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session19/A.HRC.19.21.Add.3_fr.pdf [Accessed 29 June 2022].
Vega, T., 2011. ¡Qué injusticia! Bogotá: Carrera Séptima.
Welch, M., 2009. Crimes of power & states of impunity: The U.S. response to terror. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt5hj9bt
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
(c) Tous droits réservés Camilo Eduardo Umaña Hernández 2022
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International.
OSLS strictly respects intellectual property rights and it is our policy that the author retains copyright, and articles are made available under a Creative Commons licence. The Creative Commons Non-Commercial Attribution No-Derivatives licence is our default licence, further details available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 If this is not acceptable to you, please contact us.
The non-exclusive permission you grant to us includes the rights to disseminate the bibliographic details of the article, including the abstract supplied by you, and to authorise others, including bibliographic databases, indexing and contents alerting services, to copy and communicate these details.
For information on how to share and store your own article at each stage of production from submission to final publication, please read our Self-Archiving and Sharing policy.
The Copyright Notice showing the author and co-authors, and the Creative Commons license will be displayed on the article, and you must agree to this as part of the submission process. Please ensure that all co-authors are properly attributed and that they understand and accept these terms.