What Keeps Students from Driving under the Influence of Alcohol and Prescription Drugs?
The Impact of Legitimacy of the Law, Prudent Behaviour and Perceived Dangerousness
##plugins.pubIds.doi.readerDisplayName##:
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1076Gako-hitzak:
Legitimacy of law, driving under alcohol, driving under medication, perceived risk, imprudent behaviourLaburpena
Driving under alcohol or while under the influence of a medication that impedes the ability to control a car are punishable offenses. The study asks if the perceived legitimacy of law, the perceived dangers of driving, including detection by the police, and the individual inclination to engage in risky and imprudent behaviour influence the likelihood of committing those offenses. At a British university, 337 students took part in a questionnaire study. The results show that students are less inclined to drive under alcohol than under medication. Both are variously influenced by practical circumstances like the frequency of driving, of drinking and the actual taking of such medication, even pressures to drive regardless. Driving under medication is also related to legitimacy of law. The difference may come from the absence of a public narrative for driving under medication: some students fall back to their attitude to the law.
##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##
Metrics
Downloads:
PDF (English) 262
Erreferentziak
Ajzen, I., 1991. The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes [online], 50(2), 179-211. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Ajzen, I., 2002. Residual effects of past on later behavior: Habituation and reasoned action perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Review [online], 6(2), 107-122. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0602_02 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0602_02
Beck, K.H., 1981. Driving while under the influence of alcohol: Relationship to attitudes and beliefs in a college population. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse [online], 8(3), 377-88. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3109/00952998109009561 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/00952998109009561
Berghaus, G., Käferstein, H., and Rothschild, M.A., 2006. Arzneimittel und Fahrsicherheit. Deutsches Ärzteblatt, 103(31-32), A2104-2109.
Botchkovar, E.V., and Broidy, L., 2012. Parenting, self-control, and the gender gap in heavy drinking: The case of Russia. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology [online], 57(3), 357-376. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X11435318 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X11435318
Brennan, A.F., Walfish, S., and AuBuchon, P., 1986. Alcohol use and abuse in college students: I. A review of individual and personality correlates. International Journal of the Addictions [online], 21(45), 449-474. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3109/10826088609083536 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/10826088609083536
Byrnes, J.P., Miller, D.C., and Schafer, W.D., 1999. Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin [online], 125(3), 367-383. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.367 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.125.3.367
Carpenter, C.S., 2005. Heavy alcohol use and the commission of nuisance crime: Evidence from underage drunk driving laws. The American Economic Review [online], 95(2), 267-272. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1257/000282805774670220 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/000282805774670220
Castillo, J.M., Jivraj, S., and Ng Fat, L., 2017. The regional geography of alcohol consumption in England: Comparing drinking frequency and binge drinking. Health and Place [online], 43, 33-40. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.11.007 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.11.007
Chan, D.C.N., Wu, A.M.S., and Hung, E.P.W., 2010. Invulnerability and the intention to drink and drive: An application of the theory of planned behaviour. Accident Analysis and Prevention [online], 42(6), 1549-1555. Available from: https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.aap.2010.03.011 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.03.011
Dalton, I., et al., 2009. Speeding, the Chief Constable and trust in North Wales Police. Papers from the British Criminology Conference, 9, 92-110.
Dawkins, M.P., 1997. Drug use and violent crime among adolescents. Adolescence, 32(126), 395-404.
Department for Transport, 2015. Reported Road Casualties in Great Britain: Estimates for Accidents Involving Illegal Alcohol Levels: 2013 (Final) and 2014 (Provisional) [online]. 6 August. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/451402/rrcgb-drink-drive-2013-final.pdf [Accessed 6 August 2015].
Department for Transport, 2017. Table RAS51001: Estimated Number of Reported Drink Drive Accidents and Casualties in Great Britain: 1979–2015 [online]. Statistical data set. 2 February update. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/827490/ras51001.ods [Accessed 10 April 2017].
DuPont, R.L., 2010. Prescription drug abuse: An epidemic dilemma. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs [online], 42(2),127-132. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2010.10400685 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2010.10400685
Eicher, C.C., 2016. Und? Schon vergessen? ADAC Motorwelt, February, pp. 12-17.
Elias, W., et al., 2017. Factors influencing the decision to engage in alcohol-impaired driving among Arab-Israeli youths. Transportation Research Part F [online], 44(1), 180-191. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.09.024 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.09.024
Engineer, R., et al., 2003. Drunk and Disorderly: A Qualitative Study of Binge Drinking Among 18- to 20-year-olds [online]. Home Office Research Study 262. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. February. Available from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/74ed/008d2b8c35cd482c75b76d73255514893757.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2019].
Feest, J., 1968. Compliance with legal regulations: Observation of stop sign behaviour. Law and Society Review [online], 2(3), 447-461. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2307/3052898 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3052898
Fernandes, R., Hatfield, J., and Job, R.F.S., 2010. A systematic investigation of the differential predictors for speeding, drink-driving, driving while fatigued, and not wearing a seat belt, among young drivers. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour [online], 13(3), 179-196. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2010.04.007 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2010.04.007
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 2016. So viele “Nieraucher” wie noch nie. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 7 April, p. 9.
Gardner, M., and Steinberg, L., 2005. Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: An experimental study. Developmental Psychology [online], 41(4), 625-635. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.625 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.625
George, S., Rogers, R.D., and Duka, T., 2005. The acute effect of alcohol on decision making in social drinkers. Psychopharmacology [online], 182(1), 160-169. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0057-9 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0057-9
Gonzálves, M.T., et al., 2015. Prevalence and predictors of driving under the influence in Spanish youngsters. Drugs and Alcohol Dependence [online], 146, p. e125. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.258 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.258
Gosselin, D., et al., 2010. Comparative optimism among drivers: An intergenerational portrait. Accident Analysis and Prevention [online], 42(2), 734-740. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.11.001 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.11.001
Government Digital Service, 2018a. Drink Driving Penalties [online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/drink-driving-penalties [Accessed 15 February 2018].
Government Digital Service, 2018b. Drugs and Driving: The Law [online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/drug-driving-law [Accessed 15 February 2018].
Government Digital Service, 2019. The Drink Drive Limit [online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/drink-drive-limit [Accessed 30 June 2019].
Grasmick, H.G., et al., 1993. Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency [online], 30(1), 5-29. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022427893030001002 [Accessed 13 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427893030001002
Hamnett, H.J., and Poulsen, H., 2018. The effect of lowering the legal drink-drive limit on the toxicological findings in driver fatalities: A comparison of two jurisdictions. Journal of Forensic Sciences [online], 63(5), 1457-1465. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13747 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13747
Hassan, L.M., Shiu, E., and Parry, S., 2016. Addressing the cross-country applicability of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB): A structured review of multi-country TPB studies. Journal of Consumer Behaviour [online], 15(1), 72-86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1536 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1536
Hatfield, J., and Fernandes, R., 2009. The role of risk-propensity in the risky driving of younger drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention [online], 41(1), 25-35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.08.023 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.08.023
Hofstede, G., 1993. Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit [online]. Wiesbaden: Gabler. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-90037-1 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-90037-1
Hofstede, G., 1997. Lokales Denken, globales Handeln. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.
Lee, C.J., Geiger-Brown, J., and Beck, K.H., 2016. Intentions and willingness to drive while drowsy among university students: An application of an extended theory of planned behavior model. Accident Analysis and Prevention [online], 93, 113-123. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.05.002 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.05.002
Luhmann, N., 1975. Legitimation durch Verfahren. 2nd ed. Darmstadt: Luchterhand.
MacDonald, T.K., Zanna, M.P., and Fong, G.T., 1995. Decision making in altered states: Effects of alcohol on attitudes toward drinking and driving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology [online], 68(6), 973-985. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.68.6.973 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.68.6.973
Machura, S., 1997. The individual in the shadow of powerful institutions. Niklas Luhmann’s “legitimation by procedure” as seen by critics. In: K.F. Röhl and S. Machura, eds., Procedural Justice [online]. Aldershot: Ashgate, 181-205. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429444524-9 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429444524-9
Moan, I., and Rise, J., 2011. Predicting intentions to “drink and drive” using an extended version of the theory of planned behaviour. Accident Analysis and Prevention [online], 43(4), 1378-1389. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.02.012 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.02.012
Moskowitz, H., 2009. Driving under the influence. In: R. Ammermann, P.J. Ott and R.E. Tarter, eds., Prevention and Societal Impact of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. New York: Psychology Press, 109-123.
Owen, R., et al., 2019. Driving while impaired by alcohol: An analysis of drink-drivers involved in UK collisions. Traffic Injury Prevention [online], 20(5), 453-459. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2019.1606909 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2019.1606909
Ozascilar, M., 2010. Substance abuse and its risks leading to a crime: An empirical research based on investigations in university students in Istanbul. US-China Law Review, 7(5), 57-63.
Paternoster, R., et al., 1983. Perceived risk and social control: Do sanctions really deter? Law and Society Review [online], 17(3), 457-479. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2307/3053589 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3053589
Paton, G., 2019. Young drivers face night time ban. The Times, 18 June, 1, 4.
Plant, M., and Plant, M., 1997. Alcohol education and harm minimisation. In: M. Plant, E. Single and T. Stockwell, eds. Alcohol: Minimising the Harm. What Works? London: Free Association Books, 193-210.
Potard, C., et al., 2018. Driving under the influence of alcohol and perceived invulnerability among young adults: An extension of the theory of planned behaviour. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour [online], 55(May), 38-48. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.02.033 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.02.033
Rivis, A., Abraham, C., and Snook, S., 2011. Understanding young and older male driver’s willingness to drive while intoxicated: The predictive utility of constructs specified by the theory of planned behaviour and the prototype willingness model. British Journal of Health Psychology [online], 16(2), 445-456. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1348/135910710X522662 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/135910710X522662
Road Safety Foundation, 2014. How Safe Are You on Britain’s Roads? – EuroRAP 2014 results. (On file with author).
Rolison, M.R., and Scherman, A., 2003. College student risk-taking from three perspectives. Adolescence, 38(152), 689-704.
Schroeder, R.D., and Ford, J.A., 2012. Prescription drug misuse: A test of three competing criminological theories. Journal of Drug Issues [online], 42(1), 4-27. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042612436654 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042612436654
Schulz, S., 2017. A modern approach to the study of self-control and crime. Criminology in Europe [online], 16(3), 10-14. Available from: https://escnewsletter.org/newsletter/2017-3/modern-approach-study-self-control-and-crime [Accessed 12 September 2019].
Steele, C.M., and Josephs, R.A., 1990. Alcohol myopia. Its prized and dangerous effects. American Psychologist [online], 45(8), 921-933. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.45.8.921 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.45.8.921
Stewart, K., and Sweedler, B.M., 1997. Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol. In: M. Plant, E. Single and T. Stockwell, eds. Alcohol: Minimising the Harm. What Works? London: Free Association Books, 126-142.
Unlock the Law, 2017. Drink Driving Law in Scotland [online]. Guide. Available from: https://www.unlockthelaw.co.uk/drink-driving-law-in-scotland.html#penalties [Accessed 30 June 2019].
Weber, M., 1968. Economy and Society. New York: Bedminster Press.
Yeomans, H., 2014. Alcohol and Moral Regulation [online]. Bristol: Policy Press. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t6p769 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t6p769
##submission.downloads##
Argitaratuta
##submission.howToCite##
Zenbakia
Atala
##submission.license##
##submission.copyrightStatement##
##submission.license.cc.by-nc-nd4.footer##OSLS strictly respects intellectual property rights and it is our policy that the author retains copyright, and articles are made available under a Creative Commons licence. The Creative Commons Non-Commercial Attribution No-Derivatives licence is our default licence, further details available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 If this is not acceptable to you, please contact us.
The non-exclusive permission you grant to us includes the rights to disseminate the bibliographic details of the article, including the abstract supplied by you, and to authorise others, including bibliographic databases, indexing and contents alerting services, to copy and communicate these details.
For information on how to share and store your own article at each stage of production from submission to final publication, please read our Self-Archiving and Sharing policy.
The Copyright Notice showing the author and co-authors, and the Creative Commons license will be displayed on the article, and you must agree to this as part of the submission process. Please ensure that all co-authors are properly attributed and that they understand and accept these terms.
