Subject, sovereign, Antigone: Judicial subjectivity and determination of the law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.1900Palabras clave:
Jacques Lacan, Psychoanalysis, Subjectivity, Judge, Illiberal legality, psicoanálisis, subjetividad, juez, legalidad iliberalResumen
In this paper I develop a theory of judicial subjectivity based on Lacan’s psychoanalysis. This theory is enriched with a theoretical confrontation with the abyssal laboratory of populist governance which has been created by the far-right majority in Poland since 2015. By adding this empirical context, I enquire how agency of judges is being created by the split legal system. The subjectivity of the judicial function implies speaking modestly in the name of the law, but at the same time involves being addressed by the demands of the Big Other. Yet at the same time the judge holds in her hands the jouissance of the law: it is the judge that can ultimately – with the effect of recognition within the Symbolic – acknowledge or refused validity of the law. It is in the judge’s subjectivity that the law can be recreated or can collapse. The peculiar link between the judge and her master is located in judicial conscience: the place where the subject’s structural emptiness corresponds to the lack within the law. As I argue in the paper, this role comes to the fore in case of split legal systems – such as the Polish one – which address judges with contradictory norms. In such moment the judge becomes ‘a judicial Antigone’ in Lacanian interpretation: a person on whose personal self-identification the legal system itself depends. Such a judicial Antigone – with empirical examples of Polish judges – is both the utmost hero and the utmost victim of the law.
En este artículo desarrollo una teoría de la subjetividad judicial basada en el psicoanálisis de Lacan. Dicha teoría se enriquece con una confrontación teórica con el laboratorio abisal de la gobernanza populista que ha creado la mayoría de extrema derecha en Polonia desde 2015. Añadiendo este contexto empírico, investigo cómo un sistema legal dividido está creando la agencia de los jueces. La subjetividad de la función judicial implica hablar modestamente en nombre de la ley, pero al mismo tiempo implica ser abordado por las demandas del Gran Otro. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo, el juez tiene en sus manos el goce de la ley: es el juez el que puede, en última instancia -con el efecto del reconocimiento dentro de lo Simbólico–, reconocer o rechazar la validez de la ley. Es en la subjetividad del juez donde la ley puede recrearse o derrumbarse. El vínculo peculiar entre el juez y su amo se localiza en la conciencia judicial: el lugar donde el vacío estructural del sujeto se corresponde con la ausencia dentro de la ley. Como sostengo en el artículo, este papel pasa a un primer plano en el caso de los sistemas jurídicos divididos –como el polaco– que dirigen a los jueces normas contradictorias. En ese momento, el juez se convierte en “una Antígona judicial”, según la interpretación lacaniana: una persona de cuya autoidentificación personal depende el propio sistema jurídico. Tal Antígona judicial –con ejemplos empíricos de jueces polacos– es a la vez el máximo héroe y la máxima víctima de la ley.
Descargas
Metrics
Downloads:
First_Online_Tacik_OSLS (English) 136
Citas
Agamben, G., 1998. Homo sacer. Trans.: D. Heller-Roazen. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.
Agamben, G., 2005. State of Exception (Homo sacer II, 1) [online]. Trans.: K. Attell. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226009261.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226009261.001.0001
Ágh, A., 2017. The EU polycrisis and hard populism in East-Central Europe: From the Copenhagen dilemma to the Juncker paradox. Politics in Central Europe [online], 13(2–3), 7–32. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1515/pce-2017-0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/pce-2017-0001
Avbelj, M., 2020. Constitutional Pluralism and Authoritarianism. German Law Journal [online], 21(5), 1023–1031. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.56 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.56
Baudoin, M.E., 2022. Constitutional Identity, New Legal Babel in Europe. Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies [online], 63(1), 21–37. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2022.00398 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2022.00398
Bodenheimer, E., 1952. Impasse of Soviet Legal Philosophy. Cornell Law Review [online], 38(4), 51–74. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/1069378 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1069378
Boryslavska, O., and Granat, M., 2021. Independence of Constitutional Justices: Stumbling Blocks in Ukraine and Poland. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe [online], 2021(2), 8–24. Available at: https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18-4.2-a000057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18-4.2-a000057
Boyd, C.M.J., 2009. Can a Marxist Believe in Human Rights? Critique [online], 37(4), 579–600. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/03017600903205732 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03017600903205732
Braunstein, N.A., 2005. La jouissance, un concept lacanien [online]. Ramonville Saint-Agne: Erès. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3917/eres.braun.2005.01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/eres.braun.2005.01
Bruno, P., 2010. Lacan, passeur de Marx. Invention du symptôme [online]. Toulouse: Erès. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3917/eres.bruno.2010.01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/eres.bruno.2010.01
Bugarič, B., 2019. Central Europe’s Descent into Autocracy: Constitutional Analysis of Authoritarian Populism. International Journal of Constitutional Law [online], 17(2), 597–616. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moz032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moz032
Calleros, H., 2020. Political Process, Crisis and Legitimacy in Poland. Polish Political Science Yearbook [online], 49(2), 71–91. Available at: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020205
Caudill, D., 1997. Lacan and the Subject of Law. Toward a Psychoanalytic Critical Legal Theory. Atlantic Higlands: Humanities Press.
Daly, T.G., 2019a. Between Fear and Hope: Poland’s Democratic Lessons for Europe (and Beyond). European Constitutional Law Review, 15(4), 752–767. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1574019619000439
Daly, T.G., 2019b. Democratic Decay: Conceptualising an Emerging Research Field. Hague Journal of the Rule of Law [online], vol. 11, 9–36. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-019-00086-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-019-00086-2
De Cleen, B., and Stavrakakis, Y., 2017. Distinctions and Articulations: A Discourse Theoretical Framework for the Study of Populism and Nationalism. Javnost-The Public [online], 24(4), 301–319. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2017.1330083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2017.1330083
Dzięgielewska, A., 2022. A Mimicry of International Law Compliance: How the Abusive Interpretation of International Norms Serves Poland’s Illiberal Regime. Chicago Journal of International Law 23(1), 90–102.
Edelman, B., 2001. Le droit saisi par la photographie. Paris: Flammarion.
Edelman, B., 2007. Quand les juristes inventent le réel. La fabulation juridique. Paris: Hermann.
European Commission for Democracy Through Law (The Venice Commission), 2020. Poland- Urgent Joint Opinion on the amendments to the Law on organisation on the Common Courts, the Law on the Supreme Court and other Laws. Opinion no. 977/2019, 16 January 2020, doc. no. CDL-PI(2020)002-e [online]. Available at: https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-PI(2020)002-e
Filipek, P., 2018. The New National Council of the Judiciary and Its Impact on the Supreme Court in the Light of the Principle of Judicial Independence. PWPM [online], 16, 177–196. Available at: https://europeistyka.uj.edu.pl/documents/3458728/141910948/P.+Filipek_PWPM2018_pages-177-196.pdf
Gdula, M., 2018. Nowy autorytaryzm. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej.
Halmai, G., 2014. An Illiberal Constitutional System in the Middle of Europe. European Yearbook of Human Rights 14, 497–514.
Halmai, G., 2019. Transitional Constitutional Unamendability? European Journal of Law Reform [online], 21, 259–271. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5553/EJLR/138723702019021003004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5553/EJLR/138723702019021003004
Hunt, A., 1976. Law, State and Class Struggle. Marxism Today 20, 178–187.
Kelemen, D.R., 2017. Europe’s Other Democratic Deficit: National Authoritarianism in Europe’s Democratic Union. Government and Opposition [online], 52(2), 211–238. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2016.41 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2016.41
Koncewicz, T.T., 2018. The Capture of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal and Beyond: Of institution(s), Fidelities and the Rule of Law in Flux. Review of Central and East European Law [online], 43(2), 116–173. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/15730352-04302002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15730352-04302002
Lacan, J., 1975. Le Séminaire. Livre XX – Encore. Paris: Seuil.
Lacan, J., 1986. Le Séminaire. Livre VII – L’éthique de la psychanalyse. Paris: Seuil.
Lacan, J., 1991. Le Séminaire. Livre XVII – L’envers de la psychanalyse. Paris: Seuil.
Lacan, J., 2004. Le Séminaire. Livre X – L’angoisse. Paris: Seuil.
Lacan, J., 2006. Le Séminaire. Livre XVI – De l’Autre à l’autre. Paris: Seuil.
Lacan, J., 2023. Le Séminaire. Livre XIV – La logique du fantasme. Paris: Seuil et Le champ freudien.
Landau, D., 2018. Populist Constitutions. University of Chicago Law Review [online], 85(2), 521–544. Available at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclrev/vol85/iss2/3/
Lenin, V., 2015. State and Revolution. Trans.: T. Chretien. London: Haymarket Books.
Magyar, B., 2016. Post-Communist Mafia State. The Case of Hungary [online]. Budapest: CEU Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1515/9786155513558 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9786155513558
Mańko, R., ed., 2019. Critical Legal Theory in Central and Eastern Europe. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica [online], Vol. 89. Available at: https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/Iuridica/issue/view/455 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.89.01
Marx, K., 1842. Debates on the Law on Thefts of Wood [online]. Available at: https://marxists.architexturez.net/archive/marx/works/1842/10/25.htm
Marx, K., 1843. On the Jewish Question [online]. Available at: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/jewish-question/
Mudde, C., and Kaltwasser, C.R., 2017. Populism: A Very Short Introduction [online]. Oxford University Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190234874.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190234874.001.0001
Müller, J.W., 2016. What Is Populism? [online] Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812293784 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812293784
Nagy, V., 2017. How to silence the lambs? Constructing authoritarian governance in post-transitional Hungary. Surveillance and Society [online], 15, 447–455. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v15i3/4.6642 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v15i3/4.6642
Nelson, R.A., 2023. Poland’s Rule of Law Snowball: The Increasing Severity of the Rift between Poland and the European Union. San Diego International Law Journal [online], 24, 417–442. Available at: https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1344&context=ilj
Palombella, G., 2017. Illiberal, Democratic and Non-Arbitrary? Epicentre and Circumstances of a Rule of Law Crisis. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law [online], 10, 5–19. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-017-0059-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-017-0059-9
Pappas, T.S., 2019. Populists in Power. Journal of Democracy [online], 30(2), 70–84. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2019.0026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2019.0026
Pashukanis, E.B., 2003. The General Theory of Law and Marxism. Trans.: B. Einhorn. New Brunswick: Transaction.
Pech, L., and Scheppele, K.L. 2017. Illiberalism Within: Rule of Law Backsliding in the EU. Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies [online], 19, 3–47. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/cel.2017.9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/cel.2017.9
Pilich, M., 2021. Disobedience of Judges as Problem of Legal Philosophy and Comparative Constitutionalism: Polish Case. Res Publica [online], 27(4), 593–618. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11158-021-09501-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11158-021-09501-8
Pin, A., 2019. The transnational drivers of populist backlash in Europe: The role of courts. German Law Journal [online], 20(2), 225–244. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.14
Prendergast, D., 2019. The judicial role in protecting democracy from populism. German Law Journal [online], 20(2), 245–262. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.15
Radziewicz, P., 2022. Judicial Change to the Law-in-Action of Constitutional Review of Statutes in Poland. Utrecht Law Review [online], 18(1), 29–44. Available at: https://doi.org/10.36633/ulr.689 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36633/ulr.689
Sadurski, W., 2019a. Poland’s Constitutional Breakdown [online]. Oxford University Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840503.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840503.001.0001
Sadurski, W., 2019b. Polish Constitutional Tribunal Under PiS: From an Activist Court, to a Paralysed Tribunal, to a Governmental Enabler. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law [online], 11, 63–84. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-018-0078-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-018-0078-1
Sadurski, W., 2020. Constitutional Design: Lessons from Poland’s Democratic Backsliding. Constitutional Studies [online], 6(1), 59–80. Available at: https://constitutionalstudies.wisc.edu/index.php/cs/article/view/49
Sajo, A., 2019. On constitutional identity and the loyalties of the constitutional judge. Cardozo Law Review 40, 3253–3276.
Salecl, R., 1993. Crime as a Mode of Subjectivization: Lacan and the Law. Law and Critique [online], 4(1), 3–20. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01128398 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01128398
Scheppele, K.L., 2014. Understanding Hungary’s Constitutional Revolution. In: A. von Bogdandy and P. Sonervend, eds. Constitutional Crisis in the European Constitutional Area. Theory, Law and Politics in Hungary and Romania. Baden-Baden: Beck/Hart/Nomos, 111–124.
Scheppele, K.L., 2018. Autocratic legalism. University of Chicago Law Review [online], 85(2), 545–584. Available at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclrev/vol85/iss2/2/
Scholtes, J., 2019. The Complacency of Legality: Constitutionalist Vulnerabilities to Populist Constituent Power. German Law Journal [online], 20(3), 351–361. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.26 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.26
Scholtes, J., 2021. Abusing constitutional identity. German Law Journal [online], 22(4), 534–556. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2021.21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2021.21
Śledzińska-Simon, A., 2018. The Rise and Fall of Judicial Self-Government in Poland: On Judicial Reform Reversing Democratic Transition. German Law Journal [online], 19(7), 1839–1869. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2071832200023257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2071832200023257
Swiffen, A., 2010. Politics of Law and the Lacanian Real. Law and Critique [online], 21, 39–51. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10978-009-9064-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10978-009-9064-z
Tacik, P., 2021. Polish Constitutionalism under Populist Rule. A Revolution without a Revolution. In: M. Belov, ed. Populist Constitutionalism and Illiberal Democracies. Between Constitutional Imagination, Normative Entrenchment and Political Reality [online]. Cambridge: Intersentia, 275–300. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781839701399.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781839701399.014
Tacik, P., 2022. Melancholy of the Law. Law and Critique [online], 33, 23–39. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10978-020-09276-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10978-020-09276-6
Tóth, G.A., 2019. Constitutional Markers of Authoritarianism. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law [online], 11, 37–61. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-018-0081-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-018-0081-6
Tóth, G.A., ed., 2012. Constitution for a Disunited Nation: On Hungary’s 2011 Fundamental Law [online]. Budapest: CEU Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1515/9786155225574 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9786155225574
Zajadło, J., 2017. Sumienie sędziego. Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny [online], 79(4), 31–41. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2017.79.4.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2017.79.4.3
Žižek, S., 1997. The plague of Fantasies (Wo es War). London/New York: Verso Books.
Žižek, S., 2000. The Ticklish Subject. The Absent Centre of Political Ontology. London/New York: Verso Books.
Žižek, S., 2022. Surplus-Enjoyment. A Guide for the Non-Perplexed [online]. London/New York: Bloomsbury. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350226289 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350226289
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 Przemyslaw Tacik
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores conservan el copyright de sus trabajos, que se publicarán en OSLS bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento NoComercial SinObraDerivada. Puede consultar más detalles en: http://es.creativecommons.org/licencia/. Si no está de acuerdo con esta licencia, por favor, póngase en contacto con nosotros.
El autor concede los permisos necesarios para difundir la información bibliográfica del artículo, incluyendo el resumen, y autorizar a otros, incluyendo las bases de datos bibliográficas, de índices y servicios de alerta de contenidos, a copiar y comunicar esta información.
Para más información sobre los permisos para distribuir su artículo en cada fase de la producción, por favor, lea nuestra Política de Autoarchivo y Divulgación (en inglés).
Las condiciones de copyright con el nombre de autores y co-autores, y la licencia Creative Commons se mostrarán en el artículo. Estas condiciones se deben aceptar como parte del proceso de envío de un artículo a la revista. Por favor, asegúrese de que todos los co-autores se mencionan correctamente, y que entienden y aceptan estos términos.