Beyond bars, coercion and death: Rethinking abortion rights and justice in India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.1680Palabras clave:
política carcelaria, acceso al aborto seguro, miedo a la persecución, despenalización, justicia reproductivaResumen
El marco jurídico que rige el aborto en India es fundamentalmente una estructura cis-heteropatriarcal, que utiliza un sistema de justicia penal punitivo para controlar los cuerpos de las personas embarazadas. Las secciones 312-318 del Código Penal indio, junto con la ley de Protección de los niños contra los delitos sexuales y la ley de Técnicas de diagnóstico prenatal y antes de la concepción, componen este marco penal, promoviendo una vigilancia estatal que intimida por igual a quienes practican el aborto y a quienes lo solicitan. Los casos judiciales ilustran vívidamente el perjudicial “efecto amedrentador” que tiene la penalización tanto sobre los proveedores de atención sanitaria como sobre quienes buscan abortar. El estigma vinculado a los abortos penalizados limita la autonomía de decisión reproductiva, obligando a las personas a elegir entre procedimientos seguros pero perseguibles, abortos inseguros con riesgos para la salud, o llevar a término embarazos no deseados. Esto afecta de manera desproporcionada a las comunidades marginadas, lo que pone de relieve la inadecuación de los enfoques carcelarios para abordar las barreras estructurales a la realización de los derechos reproductivos. Los activistas piden la despenalización completa, impulsando una transición hacia un marco de justicia reproductiva. La propuesta de abolir por completo las disposiciones penales que regulan los abortos forzados suscita la preocupación de dejar sin recursos legales a las personas embarazadas marginadas que suelen sufrir abortos forzados. El dilema feminista que se plantea exige la adopción de enfoques descarceladores e interseccionales que mantengan las estructuras de rendición de cuentas sin poner en peligro los derechos de las mujeres embarazadas marginadas.
Descargas
Metrics
Downloads:
14(1)_Jain_OSLS (English) 466
XML_14(1)_Jain_OSLS (English) 42
Citas
Ahluwalia, S., 2010. Reproductive restraints: Birth control in India 1877–1947. Urbana/Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Armstrong, E., 2013. Gender and Neoliberalism: The All India Democratic Women’s Association and Globalization Politics. London: Routledge.
Bagaric, M., Hunter, D., and Svilar, J., 2021. Prison Abolition. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 111(2), 351–406.
Baker, D., Keogh, S., and Luchsinger, G., 2022. Seeing the unseen: the case for action in the neglected crisis of unintended pregnancy. State of World Population 2022. Report. United Nations Population Fund.
Baxi, P., 2013. Public secrets of law: Rape trials in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198089568.001.0001
Baxi, P., 2016. Carceral Feminism’ as Judicial Bias: The Discontents around State v Mahmood Farooqui. Interdisciplinary Law, 3, 1–30.
Canes-Wrone, B., and Dorf, M., 2015. Measuring the Chilling Effect. New York University Law Review, 90, 1095–1114.
Chakravarti, U., 2003. Gendering caste: Through a feminist lens. London: Sage.
Chandra, A., et al., 2021. Legal Barriers to Accessing Safe Abortion Services in India: A Fact-Finding Study [online]. Center for Reproductive Rights. Available at: https://reproductiverights.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Legal-Barriers-to-Accessing-Safe-Abortion-Services-in-India_Final-for-upload.pdf
Clegg, J., and Usmani, A., 2019. The economic origins of mass incarceration. Catalyst, 3(3), 9–53.
Davis, A.Y., 2003. Are prisons obsolete? New York: Seven Stories Press.
Express News Service, 2022. Maharashtra: Wardha doctor, 2 nurses arrested for carrying out abortion on 13-year-old. Indian Express [online], 14 January. Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/wardha-doctor-nurses-arrested-abortion-on-13-year-old-7722092/
Finer, L.B., and Hussain, R., 2013. Unintended pregnancy and unsafe abortion in the Philippines: context and consequences. In Brief, 3. New York: Guttmacher Institute.
Foucault, M., 2012. Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York: Vintage Books.
Gottschalk, M., 2015. Bring It on: The Future of Penal Reform, the Carceral State, and American Politics. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 12, 559.
Grover, V., 2015. Citadels Of Power and Impunity, Disturbed but Not Dislodged. In: M. Verwoerd and C. Lopes, eds., Sexualized Violence in the National Debate: Cross-border Observations on India and South Africa. Cape Town: Heinrich Böll Foundation, 114–129.
Gutierrez, N., 2018. Secret service: Underground doctors induce safe abortions. The Rappler [online], 20 August. Available at: https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/investigative/209891-underground-doctors-induce-safe-abortions-philippines/
Hillyard, P., and Tombs, S., 2007. From ‘crime’to social harm? Crime, law and social change [online], 48, 9-25. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-007-9079-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-007-9079-z
Hirve, S.S., 2004. Abortion law, policy and services in India: A critical review. Reproductive Health Matters, 12(sup24), 114–121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(04)24017-4
Indian Penal Code, 1860.
Jain, D., 2019. Time to Rethink Criminalisation of Abortion? Towards a Gender Justice Approach. NUJS Law Review, 12(1).
Jain, D., and Kartik, K., 2020. Unjust Citizenship: The Law That Isn’t. NUJS Law Review, 13(2).
Jain, D., and Tronic, B., 2019. Conflicting abortion laws in India: Unintended barriers to safe abortion for adolescent girls. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics [online], OctDec;4(4) NS:310-17. Available at: https://doi.org/10.20529/ijme.2019.059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2019.059
Kafer, G., and Grinberg, D., 2019. Editorial: Queer Surveillance. Surveillance & Society, 17(5), 592–601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v17i5.13541
Kapur, R., 2020. Gender and the “faith” in law: equality, secularism, and the rise of the Hindu nation. Journal of Law and Religion, 35(3), 407–431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2020.42
Kapur, R., and Cossman, B., 2018. Subversive sites 20 years later: rethinking feminist engagements with law. Australian Feminist Law Journal, 44(2), 265–287. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13200968.2018.1521257
Keown, J., 2002. Abortion, doctors and the law: Some aspects of the legal regulation of abortion in England from 1803 to 1982. Cambridge University Press, 26-49.
Kim, S., Young, N., and Lee, Y., 2019. The role of reproductive justice movements in challenging South Korea’s abortion ban. Health and Human Rights, 21(2), 97–107. PMID: 31885440; PMCID: PMC6927381.
Laude, P., 2012. Student dies from abortion; midwife, aide arrested. Phil Star [online], 1 April. Available at: https://www.philstar.com/metro/2012/04/01/792774/studentdies-abortion-midwife-aide-arrested
Lopreite, D., 2023. The long road to abortion rights in Argentina (1983–2020). Bulletin of Latin American Research [online], 42(3), 357-371. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/blar.13350 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/blar.13350
Mandal, S., 2018. Section 377: Whose Concerns Does the Judgment Address? Engage, 53(37), 1–8.
McGlynn, C., 2022. Challenging anti-carceral feminism: Criminalisation, justice and continuum thinking. Women’s Studies International Forum, vol. 93, 102614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2022.102614
Mehta, K., and Tiwari, A., 2021. Between Sexual Violence and Autonomy: Rethinking the Engagement of the Indian Women’s Movement with Criminal Law. German Law Journal [online], 22(5), 860–877. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2021.40 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2021.40
Pal, A., 2023. How Has SC/ST Act Evolved, What Are the Outstanding Issues in Realising Its Objectives? Outlook Weekender [online] 2 April. Available at: https://www.outlookindia.com/national/how-has-sc-st-act-evolved-what-are-the-outstanding-issues-in-realising-its-objectives-weekender_story-275436
Patel, P., Das, M., and Das, U., 2018. The perceptions, health-seeking behaviours and access of Scheduled Caste women to maternal health services in Bihar, India. Reproductive health matters, 26(54), 114–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09688080.2018.1533361
Puvanesvaran, K., 2020. Abortion in Malaysia [online]. 5 December. Thomas Philip Advoc. & Solic. Available at: https://www.thomasphilip.com.my/articles/abortion-in-malaysia/
Rao, A., 2009. The caste question: Dalits & the politics of modern India. Oakland: University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520943377
Ross, L., 2011. Understanding reproductive justice. Off Our Backs, 36(4), 14–19.
Rowena, J. 2017. The “sexual harassment” discourse: A Bahujan Woman’s perspective. Raiot.in, 21 November.
Rubin, G.S., 2002. Thinking sex: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality. In: R. Parker and P. Aggleton, eds., Culture, Society and Sexuality A Reader. London: Routledge, 143–178.
Sahai, S., 2017. Mapping the Nation: Performance Art in India and Narratives of Nationalism and Citizenship. In: B. Dutt, J. Reinelt and S. Sahai, eds., Gendered Citizenship: Manifestations and Performance [online]. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 99-116. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59093-6_6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59093-6_6
Saxena, K.B., 2018. Legislature Proposes, Judiciary Disposes: Supreme Court’s ruling on the Atrocities Act. Social Change, 48(2), 275–282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085718775369
Sen, J., 2016. Three-Quarters of Death Row Prisoners are from Lower Castes or Religious Minorities. The Wire [online], 6 May. Available at: https://thewire.in/law/three-quarters-of-death-row-prisoners-are-from-lower-castes-or-religious-minorities
Sharafi, M., 2021. Abortion in South Asia 1860-1947: A medico-legal history. Modern Asian Studies, 55(2), 371–428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X19000234
Sonavane, N., 2017. Rape as an Atrocity: Analysis of Judgments Delivered by the District Court of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Law Review, Government Law College, 9, 69–93.
Sreenivas, M., 2021. Feminism, family planning and national planning. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 44(2), 313–328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2021.1886731
Teltumbde, A., 2018. Republic of caste: Thinking equality in the time of neoliberal Hindutva. New Delhi: Navayana.
Thummar, P., 2020. Bombay High Court Allows 16-Year-Old Rape Survivor to Terminate 24-Week Pregnancy. Law Street Journal [online], 11 May. Available at: https://lawstreet.co/judiciary/bombay-high-court-pregnant-woman
Travis, J., and Western, B., 2021. The era of punitive excess [online]. 13 April. Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law. Available at: https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/era-punitive-excess
Winters, J.D., and McLaughlin, R.A., 2020. Soft Sterilization: Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives in the Carceral State. Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work [online], 35(2). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109919882320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109919882320
Yokoe, R., et al., 2019. Unsafe abortion and abortion-related death among 1.8 million women in India. BMJ global health, 4(3), e001491. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001491
Zampas, C., and Gher, J.M., 2008. Abortion as a human right—international and regional standards. Human Rights Law Review [online], 8(2), 249-294. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngn008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngn008
Zureick, A., et al., 2018. Physicians’ challenges under El Salvador’s criminal abortion prohibition. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics [online], 143(1), 121–126. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12596
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Dipika Jain
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores conservan el copyright de sus trabajos, que se publicarán en OSLS bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento NoComercial SinObraDerivada. Puede consultar más detalles en: http://es.creativecommons.org/licencia/. Si no está de acuerdo con esta licencia, por favor, póngase en contacto con nosotros.
El autor concede los permisos necesarios para difundir la información bibliográfica del artículo, incluyendo el resumen, y autorizar a otros, incluyendo las bases de datos bibliográficas, de índices y servicios de alerta de contenidos, a copiar y comunicar esta información.
Para más información sobre los permisos para distribuir su artículo en cada fase de la producción, por favor, lea nuestra Política de Autoarchivo y Divulgación (en inglés).
Las condiciones de copyright con el nombre de autores y co-autores, y la licencia Creative Commons se mostrarán en el artículo. Estas condiciones se deben aceptar como parte del proceso de envío de un artículo a la revista. Por favor, asegúrese de que todos los co-autores se mencionan correctamente, y que entienden y aceptan estos términos.
