The neocolonial logics underpinning the “war on drugs” in the Philippines
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.1677Palabras clave:
guerra contra las drogas, hegemonía, violencia estatal, tribunales penales, FilipinasResumen
La “guerra contra las drogas” en Filipinas se ha cobrado la vida de miles de personas y ha resultado en la detención de cientos de miles de consumidores de drogas. Los profesionales del derecho que trabajan en tribunales penales han adoptado un “paternalismo punitivo” al abordar estos casos en los que la negociación de culpabilidad, incluso en casos basados en pruebas plantadas, se presentaba como una ayuda a los acusados para cambiar sus hábitos de vida. El artículo sostiene que tanto la “guerra contra las drogas” como el “paternalismo punitivo” tienen sus raíces en las políticas neoliberales impuestas a Filipinas durante décadas, responsables de reproducir la enorme desigualdad de ingresos y promover una narrativa que culpa a los individuos por su propia marginación económica. El análisis muestra que el despliegue de estrategias coercitivas, como la “guerra contra las drogas”, todavía depende de la construcción del consentimiento, en el sentido gramsciano. El artículo evidencia la contribución de los profesionales del derecho a la constitución de un orden hegemónico en un contexto de violencia generalizada patrocinada por el Estado.
Descargas
Metrics
Downloads:
14(1)_Ciocchini_OSLS (English) 846
XML_14(1)_Ciocchini_OSLS (English) 57
Citas
Abinales, P., 2015. Aquino’s mixed presidential legacy. East Asia Forum [online], 30 December. Available at: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2015/12/30/aquinos-mixed-presidential-legacy/
Abocejo, F.T., 2014. The Impact of International Monetary Fund (IMF) Structural Adjustment Policies (SAP) on the Philippines. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal [online], 2(1). Available at: https://ejournals.ph/function/reader1/read2/web/reader.php?id=uploads%2Farchive%2FRMRJ%2FVol.+2+No.+1+%282014%29%2FArticles%2F03_Abocejo.pdf&di=9458
Aguilar, F. Jr., Mendoza, M.P., and Candelaria, A.L., 2014. Keeping the state at bay: The Killing of Journalists in the Philippines, 1998-2012. Critical Asian Studies [online], 46(4), 649–677. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2014.960719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2014.960719
Aldama, Z., 2018. How Philippines war on drugs has become a war on the poor. South China Morning Post [online], 20 January. Available at: https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2129538/how-philippines-war-drugs-has-become-war-poor
Alipio, C., 2019. Lives Lived in “Someone Else’s Hands”: Precarity and Profit-Making of Migrants and Left-behind Children in the Philippines. TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia [online], 7(1), 135–58. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/trn.2019.6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/trn.2019.6
Associated Press, 2016. Philippine President Links 150 Judges, Pols to Drugs, Orders Them to Surrender. NBC News [online], 7 August. Available at: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/philippine-president-links-150-judges-pols-drugs-orders-them-surrender-n624876
Ballesteros, M., 2010. Linking Poverty and the Environment: Evidence from Slums in Philippine Cities. Philippine Institute of Development Studies Discussion Paper Series [online], No. 2010-33. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/126823
Brown, W., 2019. In the Ruins of Neoliberalism: The Rise of Antidemocratic Politics in the West. New York: Columbia University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7312/brow19384
Caduaya, E., 2015. Duterte on SONA 2015: Aquino Should Stop Blaming Arroyo. Rappler [online], 27 July. Available at: https://www.rappler.com/nation/100687-duterte-aquino-stop-blame-arroyo-sona-2015
Capuno, J., 2020. Dutertenomics: Populism, Progress, and Prospects. Asian Economic Policy Review, 15(2), 262–279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12296
Capuno, J., 2022. Growth with redistribution, finally: Regional poverty and inequality in the Philippines, 2000–2018. Asia and the Global Economy [online], 2(2). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aglobe.2022.100039 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aglobe.2022.100039
Carbonell, R.J., 2017. Mega drug rehab center in Ecija a mistake— DDB. The Manila Times [online], 2 November. Available at: https://www.manilatimes.net/2017/11/02/todays-headline-photos/top-stories/mega-drug-rehab-center-ecija-mistake-ddb/360157
Chavez, L., 2019. “Pray & continue”: Death of Philippine ranger is latest in legacy of violence. Mongabay Environmental News [online], 11 September. Available at: https://news.mongabay.com/2019/09/pray-continue-death-of-philippine-ranger-is-latest-in-legacy-of-violence/#:~:text=Series%3A%20Endangered%20Environmentalists-,’Pray%20%26%20continue’%3A%20Death%20of%20Philippine%20ranger%20is,latest%20in%20legacy%20of%20violence&text=Forest%20ranger%20Bienvinido%20%E2%80%9CToto%E2%80%9D%20Veguilla,5
Cheesman, N., 2015. Opposing the Rule of Law: How Myanmar’s Courts Make Law and Order. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316014936
Chew, H.A., 2022. On Intimate Reaches of US Empire: Neoliberal Imperialism and Domestic Abuse in Metro Manila. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 47(3), 637–663. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/717695
Chi, C., 2023. Philippine jails overcrowded by 367% — COA. Philstar.com [online], 22 June. Available at: https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/06/22/2275793/philippine-jails-overcrowded-367-coa
Ciocchini, P., 2018. Learning from the South: A Comparative Study of Judicial Reforms in Argentina and the Philippines. Asian Journal of Social Science, 46(4/5), 445–466. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04604004
Ciocchini, P., 2019. The politics of judicial actors in the Philippines’s “war on drugs”. In: P. Ciocchini and G. Radics, eds., Criminal legalities in the Global South. Abingdon: Routledge, 145–165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429459764-13
Ciocchini, P., and Greener, J., 2021. Mapping the Pains of Neo-Colonialism: A Critical Elaboration of Southern Criminology. British Journal of Criminology [online], 61(6), 1612–29. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azab041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azab041
Ciocchini, P., and Greener, J., 2023a. Regimes of Extreme Permission in Southeast Asia: Theorizing State-Corporate Crime in the Global South. British Journal of Criminology [online], 63(5), 1309–1326. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azac091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azac091
Ciocchini, P., and Greener, J., 2023b. Southern disorders: The criminogenesis of neo-imperialism. In: C. Cunneen et al., eds., The Routledge International Handbook on Decolonizing Justice. Abingdon: Routledge, 56–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003176619-7
Ciocchini, P., and Khoury, S., 2018. A Gramscian Approach to Studying the Judicial Decision-Making Process. Critical Criminology [online], 26, 75–90. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10612-017-9377-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-017-9377-4
Ciocchini, P., and Khoury, S., 2021. Thinking in a Gramscian way: Reflections on Gramsci and law. In: P. O’Connell and U. Özsu, eds., Research Handbook on Law and Marxism. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 139–155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788119863.00014
Ciocchini, P., and Lamchek, J., 2022. The “War on Drugs” in Philippine Criminal Courts: Legal Professionals’ Moral Discourse and Plea Bargaining in Drug-Related Cases. In: G. Radics and P. Ciocchini, eds., Criminal Legalities and Minorities in the Global South. Palgrave: Cham, 209–228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17918-1_11
Colonel, S., 2017. Murder as Enterprise: Police Profiteering in Duterte’s War on Drugs. In: N. Curato, ed., A Duterte Reader: Critical Essays on Rodrigo Duterte’s Early Presidency. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 167–98.
Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), 2010. A Conversation with Benigno S. Aquino III. Council of Foreign Relations [online], 23 September. Available at: https://www.cfr.org/event/conversation-benigno-s-aquino-iii-0
Curato, N., 2017. Politics of Anxiety, Politics of Hope: Penal Populism and Duterte’s Rise to Power. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 35(3), 69–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341603500305
De Jesus, J., 2014. High conviction rate of drug cases seen with new law. Inquirer.net [online], 4 August. Available at: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/626229/high-conviction-rate-of-drugs-cases-seen-with-new-law
Dodd, W., et al., 2022. Limits to Transformational Potential: Analysing Entitlement and Agency within a Conditional Cash Transfer Program in the Philippines. Social Policy and Society [online], 1–18. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746422000215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746422000215
Francisco, K., 2016. Davao judge explains to JBC high rate of acquittal in drug cases. Rappler [online], 16 November. Available at: https://www.rappler.com/nation/152546-jbc-supreme-court-interview-adlawan-illegal-drugs
Garrido, M., 2019. The Patchwork City: Class, Space, and Politics in Metro Manila. University of Chicago Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226643281.001.0001
Gramsci, A., 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. New York: International.
Guha, R., 1997. Dominance without hegemony: History and power in colonial India. Harvard University Press.
Hesketh, C., 2019. A Gramscian Conjuncture in Latin America? Reflections on Violence, Hegemony, and Geographical Difference. Antipode [online], 51(5), 1474–1494. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12559
Human Rights Watch (HRW), 2014. “One Shot to the Head” Death Squad Killings in Tagum City, Philippines [online]. Report. 20 May. Human Rights Watch. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/05/20/one-shot-head/death-squad-killings-tagum-city-philippines
Jessop, B., 1990. State theory: Putting the capitalist state in its place. London: Polity Press.
Joseph, J., 2002. Hegemony: A realist analysis. London: Routledge.
Kreuzer, P., 2019. Police Use of Deadly Force in the Philippines: Comparing Levels and Patterns Before and Since Duterte. Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 12(2), 149–166.
Kusaka, W., 2017. Moral Politics in the Philippines: Inequality, Democracy and the Urban Poor. National University of Singapore Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1xz01w
Kusaka, W., 2020. Disaster, discipline, drugs, and Duterte: emergence of new moral subjectivities in post Yolanda Leyte. In: K. Seki, ed., Ethnographies of Development and Globalization in the Philippines. London: Routledge, 71–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003037842-4
Langbein, J., 1978. Torture and Plea Bargaining. University of Chicago Law Review [online], 46. Available at: https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/Faculty/Langbein_Torture_and_Plea_Bargaining.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1599287
Lasco, G., and Yarcia, L.E., 2022. The Politics of Drug Rehabilitation in the Philippines. Health and Human Rights Journal, 24(1), 147-158.
Lumba, A.E.S., 2022. Monetary Authorities: Capitalism and Decolonization in the American Colonial Philippines. Durham: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478092582
Mbembe, A., 2009. Necropolitics. Durham: Duke University Press.
Mbuya, N.V.N., et al., 2021. Undernutrition in the Philippines: Scale, Scope, and Opportunities for Nutrition Policy and Programming. International Development in Focus [online]. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/35530 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1701-4
Milgram, B.L., 2018. Informality and legality in women’s livelihoods in Baguio City. In: M. Thompson and E.V. Batalla, eds., Routledge Handbook of the Contemporary Philippines. London: Routledge, pp. 284–292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315709215-22
Mitchell, K., and Sparke, M., 2016. The New Washington Consensus: Millennial Philanthropy and the Making of Global Market Subjects. Antipode [online], 48(3), 724–749. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12203
Montes, M.F., and Cruz, J., 2020. The political economy of foreign investment and industrial development: the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand in comparative perspective. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy [online], 25(1), 16–39. Available at: https://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/redir.pf?u=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10.1080%2F13547860.2019.1577207;h=repec:taf:rjapxx:v:25:y:2020:i:1:p:16-39
Ofreneo, R., 2015. Growth and employment in deindustrializing Philippines. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy [online], 20(1), 111–129. Available at: https://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/redir.pf?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13547860.2014.974335;h=repec:taf:rjapxx:v:20:y:2015:i:1:p:111-129
Porio, E., 2015. Sustainable development goals and quality of life targets: Insights from Metro Manila. Current Sociology [online], 63(2), 244–260. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392114556586 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392114556586
Porio, E., Yulo-Loyzaga, A., and Uy, C, 2019. Metro Manila. In: A. Orum, ed., The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
Quah, J.S.T., 2018. Combating corruption. In: M. Thompson and E.V. Batalla, eds., Routledge Handbook of the Contemporary Philippines. London: Routledge, 55–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315709215-4
Ramos, C., 2020. Change without Transformation: Social Policy Reforms in the Philippines under Duterte. Development and Change [online], 51(2), 485–505. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12564
Ranada, P., 2016. A look at the state of crime, drugs in the Philippines. Rappler [online], 5 January. Available at: https://www.rappler.com/nation/118004-crime-drugs-philippines
Ranada, P., 2018. Duterte in surveys: After two years, honeymoon persists. Rappler [online], 19 July. Available at: https://www.rappler.com/nation/207580-analysis-public-surveys-about-duterte-from-2016-2018/
Raquiza, M.V.R., 2018. The allure of Pantawid Pamilya: the conditional cash transfer program. In: M. Thompson and E.V. Batalla, eds., Routledge Handbook of the Contemporary Philippines. London: Routledge, 273–283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315709215-21
Rashed, D., 2016. Violence from above, violence from below: The state and policing citizens in Mubarak’s Egypt. In: B. Koch, ed., State terror, state violence. Dordrecht: Springer, 93–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-11181-6_6
Republic of the Philippines, 2001. Letter of Instruction No. 1. Official Gazette [online], 4 July. Available at: http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2001/07/04/letter-of-instruction-no-1-s-2001/
Sales, J., 2020. U.S. Empire and the War on Drugs in the Philippines. Humanities Features [online], 25 February. Available at: https://humanities.wustl.edu/features/joy-sales-us-empire-and-war-drugs-philippines
See, J.C.G., and Porio, E., 2015. Assessing Social Vulnerability to Flooding in Metro Manila Using Principal Component Analysis. Philippine Sociological Review, 63, 53–80.
Simon, J., 2007. Governing Through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195181081.001.0001
Thompson, M., 2016. Bloodied democracy: Duterte and the death of liberal reformism in the Philippines. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs [online], 35(3), 39–68. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341603500303 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341603500303
Thompson, M., and Slayton, G.W., 1985. An Essay on Credit Arrangements Between the IMF and the Republic of the Philippines: 1970–1983. Philippines Review of Economics and Business, 21(1–2), 59–91.
Valenton, K.J., and Garcia-Vigonte, F., 2022. Foreign Direct Investments and Market Competition in the Philippines [online]. 4 June. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4127559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4127559
Vishnupad, 2020. Hegemony without Dominance: Notes on the Rule of Law in India. In: L. Vashist and J.D. Sood, eds., Rethinking Law and Violence [online]. Delhi: Oxford Academic. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190120993.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190120993.003.0003
Warburg, A.B., and Jensen, S., 2018. Policing the war on drugs and the transformation of urban space in Manila. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space [online], 38(3). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775818817299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775818817299
Wells, M., 2017. War on drugs, war against the poor. Rappler [online], 4 February. Available at: https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/160492-war-on-drugs-war-against-poor/
World Bank, 2022. Overcoming Poverty and Inequality in the Philippines [online]. Washington DC. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1596/38346 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/38346
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Pablo Leandro Ciocchini
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores conservan el copyright de sus trabajos, que se publicarán en OSLS bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento NoComercial SinObraDerivada. Puede consultar más detalles en: http://es.creativecommons.org/licencia/. Si no está de acuerdo con esta licencia, por favor, póngase en contacto con nosotros.
El autor concede los permisos necesarios para difundir la información bibliográfica del artículo, incluyendo el resumen, y autorizar a otros, incluyendo las bases de datos bibliográficas, de índices y servicios de alerta de contenidos, a copiar y comunicar esta información.
Para más información sobre los permisos para distribuir su artículo en cada fase de la producción, por favor, lea nuestra Política de Autoarchivo y Divulgación (en inglés).
Las condiciones de copyright con el nombre de autores y co-autores, y la licencia Creative Commons se mostrarán en el artículo. Estas condiciones se deben aceptar como parte del proceso de envío de un artículo a la revista. Por favor, asegúrese de que todos los co-autores se mencionan correctamente, y que entienden y aceptan estos términos.
