Digital transformation, social ranking, and the future of statehood in the time of the “Great Reset”
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1370Palabras clave:
gobernanza algorítmica, perfil digital, sistema de crédito social, control social, estado de vigilanciaResumen
Las tecnologías digitales utilizadas para identificar, perfilar y supervisar a menudo son aclamadas como el resultado fortuito de un progreso inevitable, mientras que las consecuencias a largo plazo de su aplicación quedan fuera de la atención de juristas y políticos. Este artículo intenta cerrar esta brecha explorando y discutiendo los efectos probables de la aplicación de tales tecnologías para el modelo actual de estado y orden legal. Examina la hipótesis de que la digitalización ubicua de la gobernanza y la creciente atención a la reputación de las personas en la prestación de servicios públicos están relacionadas con el intento de las élites corporativas contemporáneas de perpetuar su poder y resolver el problema de la construcción de una nueva sociedad social poscapitalista. pedido. El artículo sostiene que la expansión del control social a través de las tecnologías digitales puede conducir a una pérdida gradual de subjetividad constitucional y poder político por parte de las personas.
Descargas
Metrics
Downloads:
13_2_Rouvinsky_OSLS (English) 339
XML_13_2_Rouvinsky_OSLS (English) 63
Citas
Ahmed, S., 2019. The messy truth about social credit. Logic [online], 7. Available from: https://logicmag.io/china/the-messy-truth-about-social-credit/ [Access 16 February 2022].
Amadeu da Silveira S., 2021. A hipótese do colonialismo de dados e o neoliberalismo. In: J.F. Cassino, J. Souza and S. Amadeu da Silveira, eds., Colonialismo de dados: como opera a trincheira algorítmica na guerra neoliberal. São Paulo: Autonomia Literária, 33–52.
Arsène, S., 2019. China’s social credit system: A chimera with real claws. Notes de l’Ifri. Asie Visions [online], 110. Available from: https://www.ifri.org/fr/publications/notes-de-lifri/asie-visions/chinas-social-credit-system-chimera-real-claws [Access 16 February 2022].
Auken, I., 2016. Here’s how life could change in my city by the year 2030 [online]. 11 November. World Economic Forum. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20210330234809/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/how-life-could-change-2030/ [Access 16 February 2022].
Bach, J., 2020. The red and the black: China’s social credit experiment as a total test environment. British Journal of Sociology, 71(3), 489–502.
Backer, L.C., and McQuilla, M., 2020. The algorithmic law of business and human rights: constructing a private transnational law of ratings, social credit, and accountability measures [online]. 1 September. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/
2139/ssrn.3684196 [Access 16 February 2022].
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2021. Digitization for Improved Governance: Financial Services for the Poor [online]. August. Available from: https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/digitization_for_improved_governance_financial_services_for_the_poor.pdf [Access 16 February 2022].
Calhoun, C., 2013. What threatens capitalism now? In Does Capitalism Have a Future? In: I. Wallerstein et al., eds., Does Capitalism Have a Future? Oxford University Press, 131–161.
Cantor, R., and Packer, F., 1994. The credit rating industry. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Quarterly Review, 19(2), 1–26.
Carroll, W.K., 2010. The Making of Transnational Capitalist Class: Corporate Power in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Zed Books.
Catanzariti, M., 2021. Algorithmic law: Law production by data or data production by law? In: H.W. Micklitz et al., eds., Constitutional Challenges in the Algorithmic Society. Cambridge University Press, 78–92.
Chen, Y.J., Lin, C.F., and Liu, H.W., 2018. “Rule of trust”: The power and perils of China’s social credit megaproject. Columbia Journal of Asian Law, 32(1), 1–36.
Clark, J., et al., 2016b. Digital Identity: Towards Shared Principles for Public and Private Sector Cooperation [online]. Discussion paper. Washington, DC: World Bank Group/London: GSMA/Paris: Secure Identity Alliance. Available from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/24920/Digital0identi0e0sector0cooperation.pdf [Access 16 February 2022].
Creemers, R., 2018. China’s social credit system: An evolving practice of control [online]. 9 May. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3175792 [Access 16 February 2022].
Dai, X., 2020. Toward a reputation state: A comprehensive view of China’s Social Credit System project. In: O. Everling, ed., Social Credit Rating: Reputation und Vertrauen beurteilen. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler, 139-163.
Davidson, A., 2020. #Moralstoo: The film industry must implement an international moral clause. Southwestern Journal of International Law, 26(2), 376-395.
Delanty, G., 2019. The future of capitalism: Trends, scenarios and prospects for the future. Journal of Classical Sociology [online], 19(1), 10-26. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468795X18810569 [Access 16 December 2022].
Divan, S., 2019. Aadhaar’s biometric tsunami: Will it sweep away privacy, drown civil liberties? In: R. Khera, ed., Dissent on Aadhaar: Big Data Meets Big Brother. Hyderabad: Orient Black Swan.
Dolan, K.A., and Peterson-Withorn, C., eds., 2021. World’s billionaires list: The richest in 2021. Forbes [online]. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ [Access 16 February 2022].
Donaldson, J., and Fafaliou, I., 2003. Business ethics, corporate social responsibility and corporate governance: A review and summary critique. European Research Studies, 6(1-2), 90–110.
Dror, Y., 2001. The Capacity to Govern: A Report to the Club of Rome. London: Frank Cass.
Drucker, H.M., 1974. The Political Uses of Ideology. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ebers, M., 2020. Regulating AI and robotics: Ethical and regulatory challenges. In: M. Ebers and S. Navas, eds., Algorithms and Law. Cambridge University Press, 37–99.
Eisenegger, M., 2009. Trust and reputation in the age of globalization. In: J. Klewes and R. Wreschniok, eds., Reputation Capital: Building and Maintaining Trust in the 21st Century. Berlin: Springer, 11–22.
Ellis, E., 2017. The strategic context of China’s advance in Latin America: An update. Note d’actualité de l’Observatoire de la Chine no. 17/24 [online]. April. Paris: Maison de la Recherche de l’Inalco. Available from: https://centreasia.hypotheses.org/files/2017/08/17-Ellis-Ame%CC%81rique-Latine_180417.pdf [Access 16 February 2022].
Fernández Durán, R., 2012. The Breakdown of Global Capitalism: 2000–2030. Madrid: Libros en Acción.
Floridi, L., 2014. The 4th Revolution: How the Infosphere is Reshaping Human Reality. Oxford University Press.
Foucault, M., 2009. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collѐge de France, 1977-78. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Goldman, E., 2011. Regulating reputation. In: H. Masum and M. Tovey, eds., The Reputation Society: How Online Opinions are Reshaping the Offline World. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 51–61.
Gramsci, A., 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers.
Grönlund, Å., and Horan, T.A., 2005. Introducing e-Gov: History, definitions, and issues. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 15, 713–730.
Guichard, J., 2017. In the name of the people: Disagreeing over peoplehood in the North and South Korean constitutions. Asian Journal of Law and Society [online], 4(2), 405–445. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/als.2016.59 [Access 16 December 2022].
Han, B.C., 2017. In the Swarm: Digital Prospects. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hardt, M., and Negri, A., 2000. Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hobbes, T., 1909. Leviathan. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Originally published in 1651).
Jardine, B., 2019. China’s surveillance state has eyes on Central Asia. Foreign Policy [online], 15 November. Available from: https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/15/huawei-xinjiang-kazakhstan-uzbekistan-china-surveillance-state-eyes-central-asia/ [Access 16 February 2022].
Jessop, B., 2016. The State: Past, Present, Future. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Karippacheril, G., et al., eds., 2016. Bringing Government into the 21st Century: The Korean Digital Governance Experience [online]. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/24579/9781464808814.pdf [Access 16 February 2022].
Khera, R., 2019. Aadhaar and privacy. In: R. Khera, ed., Dissent on Aadhaar: Big Data Meets Big Brother. Hyderabad: Orient Black Swan.
Klein, N., 2007. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. New York: Metropolitan Books.
Kochhar, R., 2021. The pandemic stalls growth in the global middle class, pushes poverty up sharply [online]. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/03/18/the-pandemic-stalls-growth-in-the-global-middle-class-pushes-poverty-up-sharply/ [Access 16 February 2022].
König, P.D., 2020. Dissecting the algorithmic Leviathan: On the socio-political anatomy of algorithmic governance. Philosophy & Technology, 33, 467–485.
Kostka, G., and Antoine, L., 2020. Fostering model citizenship: Behavioral responses to China’s emerging social credit systems. Policy & Internet, 12(3), 256–289.
Kranzberg, M., 1986. Technology and history: “Kranzberg’s laws”. Technology and Culture, 27(3), 544–560.
Lenin, V.I., 1963. May Day action by the revolutionary proletariat. In: V.I. Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 19. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 218–227.
Lenin, V.I., 1985. State and Revolution. New York: International Publishers.
Lobao, L., et al., 2018. The shrinking state? Understanding the assault on the public sector. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 11(3), 389–408.
Mac Síthigh, D., and Siems, M., 2019. The Chinese social credit system: A model for other countries? Modern Law Review, 82(6), 1034–1071.
Machiavelli, N., 1961. Il Principe. Turin: Einaudi.
Meadows, D.H., et al., 1972. The Limits to Growth: A Report to the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind. New York: Universe Books.
Menon Sen, K., 2020. From Aadhaar to Aarogya Setu: How surveillance technology is devaluing India’s democratic rights. Scroll.in [online], 25 April. Available from: https://scroll.in/article/960137/from-aadhaar-to-aarogya-setu-how-surveillance-technology-is-devaluing-indias-democratic-rights [Access 16 February 2022].
Newmark, C., 2011. Foreword: trust, reputation systems, and the immune system of democracy. In: H. Masum and M. Tovey, eds., The Reputation Society: How Online Opinions are Reshaping the Offline World. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, ix–xi.
Ouedraogo, R., and Sy, A.N.R., 2020. Can Digitalization Help Deter Corruption in Africa? IMF Working Paper No. 2020/068 [online]. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. Available from: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2020/05/29/Can-Digitalization-Help-Deter-Corruption-in-Africa-49385 [Access 16 February 2022].
Pay, V.N., 2019. Comparative constitutionalism: Challenges of constitutional sovereignty in Iran and Iraq. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 13(1), 123–141.
Polovinko, V., and Dudarova, F., 2020. Neslavjanskij interfejs [Non-Slavic interface]. Novaya Gazeta [online], 22 June. Available from: https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2020/06/19/85924-plyus-tsifrovizatsiya-migrantov [Access 16 February 2022] (in Russian).
Randers, J., 2012. 2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years. Chelsea Green Publishing.
Rao, U., and Nair, V., 2019. Aadhaar: governing with biometrics. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 42(3), 469–481.
Robinson, W.I., 2012. Global capitalism theory and the emergence of transnational elites. Critical Sociology, 38(3), 349–363.
Robinson, W.I., 2018. The next economic crisis: digital capitalism and global police state. Race & Class [online], 60(1), 77–92. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396818769016 [Access 16 December 2022].
Rodota, S., 2011. Renforcement et développement de nouvelles applications informatiques de surveillance et de contrôle. Terminal [online], 108-109, 9–16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4000/terminal.1288 [Access 16 December 2022].
Rosengrün, S., 2022. Why AI is a threat to the rule of law. Digital Society [online], 1(10). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-022-00011-5 [Access 19 October 2022].
Roth, S., 2021. The Great Reset. Restratification for lives, livelihoods, and the planet. Technological Forecasting & Social Change [online], 166, 120636, 1–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120636 [Access 16 December 2022].
Rouvroy, A., 2018. Homo juridicus est-il soluble dans les données? In: C. de Terwangne et al., eds., Law, Norms and Freedoms in Cyberspace (Droit, Normes et Libertés dans le Cybermonde). Brussels: Larcier, 417-444.
Saran, S., Chapman, T., and Sharma, M., 2018. A New Social Contract for the Digital Age [online]. Available from: https://www.g20-insights.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/A-New-Social-Contract-for-the-Digital-Age-Vision-Brief-ORF-4-10-18-TC_Edits-3.pdf [Access 16 February 2022].
Schaefer, K., et al., 2019. Understanding China’s Social Credit System [online]. Beijing: Trivium China. Available from: https://socialcredit.triviumchina.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Understanding-Chinas-Social-Credit-System-Trivium-China-20190923.pdf [Access 16 February 2022].
Schmitt, C., 2003. Staat al ein konkreter, an eine geschichtliche Epoche gebundener Begriff. In: C. Schmitt, Verfassungsrechtliche Aufsätze aus den Jahren 1924–1954. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 375–385.
Schwab, K., and Malleret, T., 2020. COVID-19: The Great Reset [online]. Cologne/Geneva: Forum. Available from: http://reparti.free.fr/schwab2020.pdf [Access 16 December 2022].
Sharma, R., 2021. The billionaire boom: how the super-rich soaked up Covid cash. Financial Times [online], 14 May. Available from: https://www.ft.com/content/747a76dd-f018-4d0d-a9f3-4069bf2f5a93 [Access 16 February 2022].
Sklair, L., 2018. The transnational capitalist class. In: A. Farazmand, ed., Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Cham: Springer, 5999–6002.
Supiot, A., 2017. Governance by Numbers: The Making of a Legal Model of Allegiance. Oxford: Hart.
Sylla, R., 2002. An historical primer on the business of credit rating. In: R.M. Levich, C. Majnoni and C. Reinhart, eds., Ratings, Rating Agencies and the Global Financial System. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 19–40.
von Blomberg, M., 2018. The social credit system and China’s rule of law. Mapping China Journal [online], 2, 77–162. Available from: https://mappingchina.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/MCJ-No-2-2018-Blomberg.pdf [Access 16 December 2022].
von Weizsäcker, E.U., and Wijkman, A., 2018. Come On! Capitalism, Short-termism, Population, and the Destruction of the Planet: A Report to the Club of Rome [online]. New York: Springer. Available from: https://filipmalinowski.net/Club_Of_Rome-report-2018_ComeOn.pdf [Access 16 December 2022].
Wallerstein, I., 1974. The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press.
Wallerstein, I., 2013. Structural crisis, or why capitalists may no longer find capitalism rewarding. In: I. Wallerstein et al., eds., Does Capitalism Have a Future? Oxford University Press, 9–35.
Waqar Hasib, S., 2004. The Iranian Constitution: An exercise in contradictions. The Fletcher School Online Journal for issues related to Southwest Asia and Islamic Civilization [online]. Spring. Available from: https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/aln/aln_spring04/aln_spring04a.pdf [Access 16 February 2022].
World Bank, 2016. Digital Government 2020: Prospects for Russia [online]. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. Available from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/24402/Digital0govern0prospects0for0Russia.pdf [Access 16 February 2022].
World Bank, 2018. Technology Landscape for Digital Identification [online]. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. Available from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/31825/Technology-Landscape-for-Digital-Identification.pdf [Access 16 February 2022].
World Economic Forum (WEF), 2016. A Blueprint for Digital Identity [online]. Geneva: WEF: Available from: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_A_Blueprint_for_Digital_Identity.pdf [Access 16 February 2022].
World Economic Forum (WEF), 2018. Identity in a Digital World: A New Chapter in the Social Contract [online]. Geneva: WEF. Available from: https://www.weforum.org/reports/identity-in-a-digital-world-a-new-chapter-in-the-social-contract [Access 16 February 2022].
World Economic Forum (WEF), 2020. Annual Report 2019–2020 [online]. Geneva: WEF. Available from: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Annual_Report_2019_2020.pdf [Access 16 February 2022].
Xenidis, R., 2020. Tuning EU equality law to algorithmic discrimination: Three pathways to resilience. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law [online], 27(6), 736–758. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X20982173 [Access 16 December 2022].
Yeung, K., 2017. ‘Hypernudge’: Big Data as a mode of regulation by design. Information, Communication & Society, 20(1), 118–136.
Yu, K., 2020. Towards graduated citizenship: A study of social credit systems in China. Critique: a worldwide student journal of politics [online], 28–55. Available from: https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/about.illinoisstate.edu/dist/e/34/files/2020/09/FINAL-2-Graduated-Citizenship-A-Study-of-Social-Credit-Systems-in-China.pdf [Access 13 October 2022].
Yu, Q., 2020. Suanfa xingzheng: shehui xinyong tixi zhili fanshi ji qi fazhi hua [Algorithmic administration: The governance paradigm of the social credit system and its legalization]. Faxue Luntan [online], 2, 36–49. Available from: http://fzzfyjy.cupl.edu.cn/info/1035/11847.htm [Access 16 February 2022] (in Chinese).
Yu, R., and Ali, G.S., 2019. What’s inside the black box? AI challenges for lawyers and researchers. Legal Information Management [online], 19(1), 2–13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1472669619000021 [Access 16 December 2022].
Zuboff, S., 2019. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: Public Affairs.
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2022 Roman Rouvinsky
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores conservan el copyright de sus trabajos, que se publicarán en OSLS bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento NoComercial SinObraDerivada. Puede consultar más detalles en: http://es.creativecommons.org/licencia/. Si no está de acuerdo con esta licencia, por favor, póngase en contacto con nosotros.
El autor concede los permisos necesarios para difundir la información bibliográfica del artículo, incluyendo el resumen, y autorizar a otros, incluyendo las bases de datos bibliográficas, de índices y servicios de alerta de contenidos, a copiar y comunicar esta información.
Para más información sobre los permisos para distribuir su artículo en cada fase de la producción, por favor, lea nuestra Política de Autoarchivo y Divulgación (en inglés).
Las condiciones de copyright con el nombre de autores y co-autores, y la licencia Creative Commons se mostrarán en el artículo. Estas condiciones se deben aceptar como parte del proceso de envío de un artículo a la revista. Por favor, asegúrese de que todos los co-autores se mencionan correctamente, y que entienden y aceptan estos términos.
