El referéndum europeo: la decisiva intervención de los soberanos nacionales en el proceso de integración (The European Referendum: the Decisive Intervention of the National Sovereigns in the Integration Process)
Keywords:
Referendum, European Union, Sorevereignity, Direct DemocracyAbstract
En los dos últimos años hemos asistido a la proliferación de referéndums en los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea que vienen a cuestionar importantes avances en la integración o, incluso, la propia pertenencia a la Unión. En este contexto, el presente artículo se propone delimitar el concepto de referéndum europeo para, a continuación, presentar la evolución de sus convocatorias a lo largo de las distintas fases del proceso de integración. También propondremos la sistematización de las consultas celebradas en función de su naturaleza jurídico-constitucional (referéndum obligatorio o facultativo) y las presentaremos atendiendo al objeto de las mismas: referéndums de pertenencia (adhesión, ampliación de terceros o permanencia), referéndums de ratificación de los tratados constitutivos y sus sucesivas reformas y referéndums sobre políticas europeas específicas. A pesar de que cada referéndum europeo responde a contextos jurídicos y políticos nacionales muy particulares, trataremos de determinar si existe alguna relación entre el tipo de consulta convocada y su resultado favorable o contrario a una mayor integración.
The referendums held during the last months in several Member States of the European Union have openly questioned essential aspects of the integration process or even the membership. In this context, this article aims to define the concept of European referendum, to present its evolution throughout the integration process, and to propose its categorization according to their legal nature (compulsory or facultative referendum) and their subject matter (enlargement, ratification of the Treaties or specific European policies). Although each European referendum responds to very specific legal and political contexts, this article tries to determine whether there is any relationship between the type of consultation and its result.
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