Beyond Possessive Agency: TikTok, YouTube, and the Inadequacies of GDPR, OSA, DSA, and AIA

Will Mbioh

doi:10.35295/osls.iisl.2237

Authors

Will Mbioh University of Kent https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3017-6173

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.2237

Keywords:

GDPR, OSA, DSA, AIA, Algorithmic Governance, Feminist New Materialism, deep neural networks, intra-action and diffraction

Abstract

This paper critiques the foundational assumption underpinning UK and EU regulations—including the GDPR, Online Safety Act, Digital Services Act, and Artificial Intelligence Act—that agency is a possessive attribute rooted in individual autonomy. Using YouTube and TikTok as case studies, it examines how advanced recommendation systems powered by deep neural networks, multi-armed bandits, and reinforcement learning blur the boundaries between user agency and platform influence. Drawing on feminist relational theory and Karen Barad’s concepts of intra-action and diffraction, the paper argues that contemporary platforms generate a distinct, relational form of agency that operates interstitially in the ‘in-between’ of user actions and algorithmic systems. This emergent directive power challenges existing law in the EU and UK concerning online safety, which position platforms as neutral tools rather than co-constitutive entities. The paper calls for a re-imagination of legal ontologies and for a shift from possessive agency to relational governance to address the complexities and risks posed by modern algorithmic assemblages.

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Author Biography

Will Mbioh, University of Kent

Dr. Will Mbioh, Senior Lecturer in Law, Kent Law School, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom

The Registry, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NZ

W.R.Mbioh@kent.ac.uk

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