ETA strategies
new prospects
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/2099Keywords:
ETA, clandestine violence, armed strategy, Basque country, databaseAbstract
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), a clandestine organisation formed in the late 1950s, dissolved after sixty years of existence. To date, all the statistical studies concerning it have been produced on the basis of a census of its victims. We have built up an original database of its actions from which it is possible to highlight the limits of certain methodological choices and to propose a refined analysis of the group’s strategic options over its entire existence. The present study thus contributes to reconsidering the phases of its military action, i.e. its strategy, as well as the evolution of its targets. Analysis of this evolution makes it possible to clarify ETA’s strategic turning points from a broader perspective than that of the victims alone.Downloads
Metrics
Downloads:
First_Online_Guibet_OSLS (Français (Canada)) 3
References
Barros, C., 2003. An Intervention Analysis of Terrorism: The Spanish ETA Case. Defence and Peace Economics [en ligne], 14(6), 401-412. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1080/1024269032000085170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1024269032000085170
Barros, C., Passos, J., et Gil-Alana, L., 2006. The timing of ETA terrorist attacks. Journal of Policy Modeling [en ligne], 28(3), 335-346. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2005.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2005.12.001
Benford, R.D., et Snow, D.A., 2000. Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology [en ligne], vol. 26, 611-639. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611
Benford, R.D., Snow, D.A., et Plouchard, N.M., 2012. Processus de cadrage et mouvements sociaux : présentation et bilan. Politix [en ligne], 3(99), 217-255. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.3917/pox.099.0217 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/pox.099.0217
Braud, P., ed., 1993. La violence politique dans les démocraties européennes occidentales. Paris : L’Harmattan.
Bueno de Mesquita, E., 2005. The Quality of Terror. American Journal of Political Science [en ligne], vol. 49, 515-530. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00139.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00139.x
Calleja, J.M., 1997. Contra la barbarie. Un alegato en favor de las víctimas de ETA. Madrid: Temas de Hoy.
Caminos, J.M., Armentia, J.I., et Marin, F., 2013. El asesinato de Miguel Ángel Blanco como ejemplo de key event en el tratamiento mediático de los atentados mortales de ETA. AdComunica, Revista de Estrategias, Tendencias e Innovación en Comunicación, n. 6, 139-160.
Carmena, M., et al., 2013. Informe-base de vulneraciones de derechos humanos en el caso vasco (1960-2013) [en ligne]. Juin. Vitoria-Gasteiz: Secretaría General de Paz y Convivencia. Disponible dans: https://www.irekia.euskadi.eus/uploads/attachments/3214/informe_base_es.pdf?1371196800
Casanova Alonso, I., 2007. ETA 1958-2008. Medio siglo de historia. Tafalla: Txalaparta.
De la Calle, L., et Sánchez-Cuenca, I., 2006. The Production of Terrorist Violence : Analyzing Target Selection within the IRA and ETA. Working Paper. Instituto Juan March, n. 230.
De Zunbeltz, K. [José Luis Zalbide], 1968. Hacia una estrategia revolucionaria vasca. Hendaye.
Della Porta, D., 2013. Clandestine Political Violence [en ligne]. Cambridge University Press. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139043144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139043144
Domínguez Iribarren, F., 1990. ETA : estrategia organizativa y actuaciones 1978-1992. Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco.
Egaña, I., ed., 2005. Euskadi Eta Askatasuna. Euskal Herria y la libertad - Reconstrucción de ETA. 1993-1995, tome IX. Andoain: Aise Liburuak.
ETA, 1982. Resoluciones de la VIII Asamblea. Février.
Fearon James, D., et Laitin, D., 2003. Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War. American Political Science Review [en ligne], 97(1), 75-90. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055403000534 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055403000534
Funes, M.J., 1998. Social Responses to Political Violence in the Basque Country. Peace movements and their audience. Journal of conflict resolution [en ligne], 42(4), 493-510. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002798042004005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002798042004005
Gleditsch, N.P., Hegre, H., et Strand, H., 2009. Democracy and Civil War. Dans: M. Midlarsky, ed., Handbook of War Studies III. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 155-192.
Goffman, E., 1974. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of the Experience. New York: Harper Colophon.
Gouvernement basque, 2016. Clarificación del pasado. Dans: Secretaría General para la Paz y la Convivencia del Gobierno Vasco, ed., Compilación de documentos generados por el Gobierno Vasco en la Legislatura 2012-2016 en materia de paz y convivencia [en ligne]. Octobre. Vitoria-Gasteiz. Disponible dans: https://www.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/sgpyc_compilacion_docs/es_def/adjuntos/2.%20Clarificacion%20del%20pasado.pdf
Guibet Lafaye, C., 2020a. Conflit au Pays basque : regards des militants illégaux [en ligne]. Bruxelles : Peter Lang. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.3726/b16761
Guibet Lafaye, C., 2020b. Chronologies du conflit armé au Pays basque [en ligne]. Archives ouvertes HAL ⟨hal-02521454⟩. Disponible dans: https://hal.science/hal-02521454 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3726/b16761
Guibet Lafaye, C., 2022. Victimes ou actions : itinéraires occultés d’ETA. Papeles del CEIC. International Journal on Collective Identity Research [en ligne], 2021/1, 1-22. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1387/pceic.22161 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1387/pceic.22161
Guibet Lafaye, C., et Brochard, P., 2020. Conséquences de choix méthodologiques sur l’analyse de l’évolution de l’organisation clandestine ETA. Studia Europaea [en ligne], 65(2), 219-264. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2020.2.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2020.2.11
Gurr, T., 1993. Minorities at Risk. A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts. Washington, DC: Institute of Peace Press.
Hegre, H., et al., 2001. Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816-1992. American Political Science Review [en ligne], 95(1), 33-48. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055401000119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055401000119
Kepplinger, H.M., et Habermeier, J., 1995. The impact of Key Events on the Representation of Reality. European Journal of Communication [en ligne], 10(3), 271-390. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323195010003004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323195010003004
Klandermans, B., et Goslinga, S., 1996. Media Discourse, Movement Publicity, and the Generation of Collective Action Frames: Theoretical and Empirical Exercises in Meaning Construction. Dans: D. McAdam, J.D. McCarthy and M.N. Zald, eds., Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Framing [en ligne]. Cambridge University Press. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803987.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803987.016
Letamendia, F., 1975. Historia de Euskadi. El nacionalismo vasco y ETA. Madrid: Ruedo Ibérico.
Letamendia, F., 1992. Historia del nacionalismo vasco y de ETA (1982-1992). San Sebastián: R&B.
Lizarralde Marín, I., 2016. Teoría Francesa y estrategia del MLNV (1967-2015). Aranalde.
López Garrido, D., 1987. El Aparato Policial en España. Barcelone: Ariel.
Loyer, B., et Aguerre, C., 2008. Terrorisme et démocratie : les exemples basque et catalan. Hérodote [en ligne], 3(130), 112-145. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.3917/her.130.0112 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/her.130.0112
Madariaga, J., 1984. Así nació ETA. Punto y Hora in Euskal Herria, 13 juillet, n. 357.
Mansfield, E.D., et Snyder, J., 1995. Democratization and the Danger of War. International Security [en ligne], 20(1), 5-38. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.2307/2539213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2539213
Massey, J., 2010. ETA histoire secrète d’une guerre de cent ans. Paris : Flammarion.
McCormick, G.H., et Owen, G., 1996. Revolutionary Origins and Conditional Mobilization. European Journal of Political Economy [en ligne], 12(3), 377-402. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(96)00007-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(96)00007-9
Menuet, M, 2020. Comment mettre fin à une guerre d’usure ? Quelques enseignements des modèles théoriques. Revue Défense Nationale [en ligne], 7(832), 125-130. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.3917/rdna.832.0125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/rdna.832.0125
Muller, E., et Weede, E., 1990. Cross-National Variation in Political Violence: A Rational Action Approach. Journal of Conflict Resolution [en ligne], 34(4), 624-651. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002790034004003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002790034004003
Nuñez Astrain L.C., ed., 1993b. Euskadi eta Askatasuna, tome VII, La ofensiva institucional. 1984-1988. Tafalla: Txalaparta.
Nuñez Astrain, L.C., 1993a. Euskadi eta Askatasuna – Euskal Herria y la Libertad. De Ekin a ETA. 1952-1965, tomes I et II. Tafalla : Txalaparta.
Sánchez-Cuenca, I., 2009a. Explaining temporal variation in the lethality of ETA. Revista Internacional de Sociología [en ligne], 67(3), 609-629. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2008.03.24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2008.03.24
Sánchez-Cuenca, I., 2009b. La violencia terrorista en la transición española a la democracia. Historia del presente [en ligne], vol. 14, 9-24. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.5944/hdp.14.2009.41038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5944/hdp.14.2009.41038
Sánchez-Cuenca, I., 2010. The persistence of nationalist terrorism: the case of ETA. Dans: K. Mulaj, ed., Violent Non-State Actors in Contemporary World Politics. New York, Columbia University Press.
Snyder, J., 2000. From Voting to Violence. Democratization and Nationalist Conflict [en ligne]. New York: Norton. Disponible dans: https://doi.org/10.1353/imp.2000.0026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/imp.2000.0026
Tarrow, S., 1994. Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics. Cambridge University Press.
Urteaga, E., 2021. Le processus de paix au Pays Basque. Paris : L’Harmattan.
Urteaga, E., 2022. Le désarmement de l’ETA au Pays Basque. Revue Internationale de Criminologie [en ligne], vol. 2, 189-211. Disponible dans: https://bdoc.ofdt.fr/index.php?lvl=bulletin_display&id=10599
Urteaga, E., 2023. Les négociations entre l’ETA et l’Etat espagnol (1987-2007). Les Cahiers de la Sécurité et de la Justice [en ligne], n. 58, 130-140. Disponible dans: https://shs.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-de-la-securite-et-de-la-justice-2023-2-page-130?lang=fr&tab=resume
Von Neumann, J., et Morgenster, O., 1944. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton University Press.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Caroline Guibet Lafaye
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
OSLS strictly respects intellectual property rights and it is our policy that the author retains copyright, and articles are made available under a Creative Commons licence. The Creative Commons Non-Commercial Attribution No-Derivatives licence is our default licence, further details available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 If this is not acceptable to you, please contact us.
The non-exclusive permission you grant to us includes the rights to disseminate the bibliographic details of the article, including the abstract supplied by you, and to authorise others, including bibliographic databases, indexing and contents alerting services, to copy and communicate these details.
For information on how to share and store your own article at each stage of production from submission to final publication, please read our Self-Archiving and Sharing policy.
The Copyright Notice showing the author and co-authors, and the Creative Commons license will be displayed on the article, and you must agree to this as part of the submission process. Please ensure that all co-authors are properly attributed and that they understand and accept these terms.
