The legal imaginary of "indigeneity"
Creating knowledge, subjects, and law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1315Keywords:
Indigeneity, indigenous peoples, Ministry of Culture, legal imaginary, interpretative anthropology, anthropology of law, cultural analysis of lawAbstract
This article analyzes how the most important Peruvian legal-political institution with jurisdiction over indigenous issues, the Ministry of Culture, has constructed “indigeneity” since its creation in 2010 and until 2020. To achieve this aim, the article uses the cultural analysis of law as its main theoretical-methodological approach, which proposes the study of contextualized spatio-temporal subjects. These subjects are created by legal categories and narratives found in the Ministry’s legal documents and materials. The inductive and interpretative analysis of these documents and materials show that the Ministry of Culture constructs four types of “indigeneity”: i) generic, “indigenous peoples”, ii) natural, indigenous peoples in isolation or initial contact, iii) organized, community indigenous peoples, and iv) citizen, urban indigenous individuals. These findings demonstrate that the Peruvian Ministry of Culture has constructed different types of “indigeneity” and that this diverse and often discordant types of “indigeneity” create a complex relationship between the indigenous peoples and the state.
Downloads
Metrics
Downloads:
PDF_12_4_León_Angulo_OSLS 372
XML_12_4_León_Angulo_OSLS 388
References
Abanto, A., 2011. La Institucionalidad Indígena en el Perú. Revista Argumentos [online], 5(3). Available from: https://argumentos-historico.iep.org.pe/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/abanto.pdf [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Alza, C., and Zambrano, G., 2014. Pueblos indígenas y establecimiento de agenda: Cambios en la estructura institucional en el Estado peruano (2000–2011) [online]. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Available from: http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/clacso/becas/20140216081323/InformefinalAlzayZambranovf.pdf [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Anderson, B., 1993. Comunidades imaginadas: Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo. Ciudad de México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Attard, M., 2019. Un mate de coca y unas breves reflexiones dialógicas entre la diosa Themis y Mama Ocllo. ¿Es el Tribunal Constitucional Plurinacional un modelo polifónico de justicia constitucional? Anuario de Derecho Constitucional Latinoamericano, 409–436.
Balarin, M., 2012. El Estado y el desarrollo de la institucionalidad intercultural en el Perú [online]. Informe. Agosto. Lima: Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo. Available from: http://grade.org.pe/indicadores/docs/Balarin-final.pdf [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Bonilla, D., 2017. El análisis cultural del derecho: Entrevista a Paul Kahn. Isonomía [online], 46, 131–154. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/is/n46/1405-0218-is-46-00131.pdf [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Bonilla, D., 2018. El concepto de la cultura y los estudios culturales del derecho. UNA Revista de Derecho [online], vol. 3. Available from: https://una.uniandes.edu.co/images/volumen3/2.-Bonilla-V3-publicacin.pdf [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Bonilla, D., 2021. Legal Barbarians. Cambridge University Press.
Brandt, H.J., 2017. La justicia comunitaria y la lucha por una ley de coordinación de la justicia. Derecho PUCP [online], 78, 215–247. Available from: https://doi.org/10.18800/derechopucp.201701.009 [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Cingolani, P., 2012. El retorno de los chunchos. Blog post. Servindi [online], 27 July. Available from: https://www.servindi.org/actualidad/69132 [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Comaroff, J.L., and Comaroff, J., 2009. Ethnicity, Inc. University of Chicago Press.
De la Cadena, M., and Starn, O., 2009. Indigeneidad: problemáticas, experiencias y agendas en el nuevo milenio. Tabula Rasa [online], nº 10, 191–223. Available from: https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.359 [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Degregori, C., and Sandoval, P., 2007. La antropología en el Perú: del estudio del otro a la construcción de un nosotros diversos. Revista Colombiana de Antropología [online], vol. 43, 299–334. Available from: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1050/105015277010.pdf [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Degregori, C.I., ed., 2000. No hay país más diverso: Compendio de antropología peruana. Lima: IEP.
Dussel, E., 2014. El Episcopado Latinoamericano y la Liberación de los pobres 1504–1620 [online]. Buenos Aires: Docencia. Available from: http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/clacso/otros/20120131104309/espiscopado.pdf [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Espinosa, O., 2009. ¿Salvajes opuestos al progreso?: Aproximaciones históricas y antropológicas a las movilizaciones en la Amazonía peruana. Anthropologica [online], 27(27). Available from: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?pid=S0254-92122009000100007&script=sci_abstract [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Foucault, M., 1979. Nietzsche, la genealogía, la historia. Microfísica del poder. Madrid: La Piqueta.
Geertz, C., 1973. The interpretation of cultures. Selected essays. New York: Basic Books.
Geertz, C., 1983. Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.
Gitlitz, J., 2020. Dos ideologías jurídicas frente a los dilemas de la justicia intercultural en el Perú. 1ª ed. Lima: Fondo Editorial del Poder Judicial.
Gros, C., 2000. Políticas de la Etnicidad: Identidad, estado y modernidad. Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia (ICANH).
Guenther, M., et al., 2006. The Concept of Indigeneity. Social Anthropology, 14(1), 17–32.
Hale, R., 2002. Does multiculturalism menace? Governance, cultural rights and the politics ofidentity in Guatemala. Journal of Latin American Studies, 34(3), 485–524.
Hale, R., 2004. Rethinking Indigenous Politics in the Era of the “Indio Permitido” [online]. Nacla, 25 September. Available from: https://nacla.org/article/rethinking-indigenous-politics-era-indio-permitido [Accessed 23 June 2022].
International Labor Organization (ILO), 1989. Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples.
Ipince, N., et al., 2016. Los PIACI de la Amazonía peruana. Mecanismos para la protección de sus derechos [online]. Lima: Ministerio de Cultura. Available from: https://centroderecursos.cultura.pe/es/registrobibliografico/los-pueblos-ind%C3%ADgenas-en-aislamiento-y-contacto-inicial-de-la-amazon%C3%ADa-peruana [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Kahn, P., 1999. The cultural study of law: Reconstructing legal scholarship. University of Chicago Press.
Kahn, P., 2001. El análisis cultural del derecho: una reconstrucción de los estudios jurídicos. Trad.: D. Bonilla. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Kukutai, T., and Taylor, J., 2016. Indigenous data sovereignty: Toward an agenda. Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, vol. 38.
León, E., 2015. Administración de justicia en la comunidad awajún Morroyacu, provincia de Moyobamba, San Martín. Tesis de Licenciatura. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
Ludlow, F., et al., 2016. The Double Binds of Indigeneity and Indigenous Resistance. Humanities [online], 5(3), 53. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/h5030053 [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Martínez Cobo, J.R., 1986. Study on the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7/Add.4) [online]. Report for the UN Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination of Minorities. March. New York: United Nations. Available from: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/133666 [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Merlan, F., 2009. Indigeneity Global and Local. Current Anthropology, 50(3), 303–33.
Merry, S.E., 2012. Anthropology and law. In: R. Fardon et al., eds., The Sage Handbook of Social Anthropology. London: Sage.
Ministerio de Cultura, 2013. Enfoque intercultural para la gestión pública. Herramientas conceptuales [online]. Lima. Available from: https://centroderecursos.cultura.pe/es/registrobibliografico/enfoque-intercultural-para-la-gesti%C3%B3n-p%C3%BAblica-herramientas-conceptuales [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Ministerio de Cultura, 2014. Etapa de identificación a los PPIIOO [online]. Guía metodológica. Lima. Available from: https://centroderecursos.cultura.pe/es/registrobibliografico/etapa-de-identificaci%C3%B3n-de-pueblos-ind%C3%ADgenas-u-originarios-gu%C3%ADa-metodol%C3%B3gica-1 [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Ministerio de Cultura, 2017. ¡Yo me identifico con orgullo! [online]. Lima. Available from: https://centroderecursos.cultura.pe/sites/default/files/rb/pdf/guia-de-preguntas-y-respuestas-censo.pdf [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Niezen, R., 2000. The origins of Indigenism: Human rights and the politics of identity. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Niezen, R., 2004. A world beyond difference: Cultural identity in the age of globalization. Oxford: Blackwell.
Paredes, M., 2009. En una arena hostil: La politización de lo indígena en el Perú. In: C. Meléndez y A. Vergara, eds., La iniciación de la política: El Perú político en perspectiva comparada. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
Poole, D., 2012. La ley y la posibilidad de la diferencia: la antropología jurídica peruana. Entre la justicia y la ley. In: C.I. Degregori, P.F. Sendón and P. Sandoval, eds., No hay país más diverso. Compendio de Antropología Peruana II. Lima: IEP, 200–246.
Quijano, A., 2006. El “Movimiento indígena“ y las cuestiones pendientes en América Latina. Revista San Marcos, 24.
Rodríguez-Garavito, A., 2010. Ethnicity.gov: Global Governance, Indigenous Peoples, and the Right to Prior Consultation in Social Minefields. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 18(1).
Rosen, L., 2006. Law as Culture: An Invitation [online]. Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1kk66zt [Accessed 26 July 2021].
Sarivaara, E., Maatta, K., and Uusiautti, S., 2013. Who is Indigenous? Definitions of indigeneity. European Scientific Journal [online], December special edition, vol. 1. Available from: https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/download/2317/2190 [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Serrano, D., 2017. La identidad restringida. De la construcción de identidades indígenas kichwa en Bogotá y las categorías jurídicas que las regulan [online]. Tesis de licenciatura en Antropología. Universidad Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario. Available from: https://doi.org/10.48713/10336_13508 [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Torrejón, S., 2018. ¿Quién es indígena en el Perú? Tensiones y desencuentros en la implementación de la Base de Datos Oficial de Pueblos Indígenas [online]. Cuaderno de Investigación N° 3. Lima: Escuela de Gobierno y Políticas Públicas de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Available from: https://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/bitstream/handle/123456789/123926/Torrej%C3%B3n%20Salm%C3%B3n%20Sandra.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Uddin, N., Gerharz, E., and Chakkarath, P., 2017. Introduction Exploring Indigeneity: Introductory Remarks on a Contested Concept. In: N. Uddin, E. Gerharz and P. Chakkarath, eds., Indigeneity on the Move: Varying Manifestations of a Contested Concept. Oxford/New York: Berghahn Books.
United Nations Declaration on the rights of the Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) [online]. General Assembly 61/285, 13 September 2007. Available from: https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Valdivia, N., 2011. El uso de categorías étnico/raciales en censos y encuestas en el Perú: balance y aportes para una discusión [online]. Lima: GRADE. Available from: http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/Peru/grade/20120207054505/ddt604.pdf [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Yrigoyen, R., 2011. El horizonte del constitucionalismo pluralista: del multiculturalismo a la descolonización. In: C. Rodríguez Garavito, ed., El Derecho en Ámerica Latina. Un mapa para el pensamiento del siglo XXI. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI.
Zuñiga, G., 2007. Tendencias en la Institucionalidad Estatal y las Políticas Públicas respecto al desarrollo indígena en América Latina [online]. La Paz: Fondo para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de América Latina y El Caribe. Available from: https://www.bivica.org/file/view/id/1386 [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Erika León Angulo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
OSLS strictly respects intellectual property rights and it is our policy that the author retains copyright, and articles are made available under a Creative Commons licence. The Creative Commons Non-Commercial Attribution No-Derivatives licence is our default licence, further details available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 If this is not acceptable to you, please contact us.
The non-exclusive permission you grant to us includes the rights to disseminate the bibliographic details of the article, including the abstract supplied by you, and to authorise others, including bibliographic databases, indexing and contents alerting services, to copy and communicate these details.
For information on how to share and store your own article at each stage of production from submission to final publication, please read our Self-Archiving and Sharing policy.
The Copyright Notice showing the author and co-authors, and the Creative Commons license will be displayed on the article, and you must agree to this as part of the submission process. Please ensure that all co-authors are properly attributed and that they understand and accept these terms.
