Mediated friendship
Online and offline alliances in girls’ everyday lives in Italy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1085Keywords:
Girls, digital cultures, friendship, gender, communicationAbstract
This article engages with the current debate on feminisms and digital media by looking at the tension between individualism and collective action. Drawing on an empirical research project involving girls, carried out in Italy and focusing on female processes of subjectivation in a postfeminist new media context, it will discuss constraints and opportunities shaped by the everyday use of social media. The article places itself in the latest trend of cyberfeminist studies, by analysing friendship relationships developed among girls in and through digital media. It also looks at how the mediated nature of social network sites offers room for the building of alliances among girls, and how this challenges online and offline gender norms. In doing so, the article reflects on the way female relationships change and are reworked in digital culture, thus giving a new meaning to the feminist concept of sisterhood.
Downloads
Metrics
Downloads:
PDF 379
References
Alteri, L., Leccardi, C., and Raffini, L., 2017, Youth and the Reinvention of Politics. New Forms of Participation in the Age of Individualization and Presentification. Partecipazione e Conflitto [online], 9(3), 717–747. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v9i3p717 [Accessed 12 September 2019].
Baer, H., 2016, Redoing feminism: digital activism, body politics, and neoliberalism. Feminist Media Studies [online], 16(1), 17–34. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2015.1093070 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2015.1093070
Banet-Weiser, S., 2011, Branding the Post-Feminist Self: Girls’ Video Production and YouTube, In: M.C. Kearney, ed., Mediated Girlhoods: New Explorations of Girls’ Media Culture. New York: Peter Lang, 277–294.
Blatterer, H., 2015. Everyday Friendships: Intimacy as Freedom in a Complex World [online]. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137316400 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137316400
Blatterer, H., and Magaraggia, S., 2016, Introduction, In: F. Alberoni, Friendship. Leiden/Boston, MA: Brill, 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004331303_002
Bracciale, R., 2010. Donne nella rete: Disuguaglianze digitali di genere. Milan: Franco Angeli.
Budgeon, S., 2001. Emergent Feminist(?) Identities Young Women and the Practice of Micropolitics. European Journal of Women's Studies [online], 8(1), 7–28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F135050680100800102 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/135050680100800102
Butler, J., 1988. Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory. Theatre Journal [online], 40(4), 519–531. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2307/3207893 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3207893
Cassell, J., and Cramer, M., 2008, High Tech or High Risk? Moral Panics about Girls Online. In: T. McPherson, ed., Digital Youth, Innovation, and the Unexpected. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 53–75.
Cockburn, C., and Ormrod, S., 1993. Gender and Technology in the Making. London: Sage.
Dobson, A.S., 2015. Postfeminist Digital Cultures: Femininity, Social Media, and Self-Representation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Earl, J., et al., 2015. New technologies and social movements. In: D. della Porta and M. Diani, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Social Movements. Oxford University Press.
Gajjala, R., and Oh, Y.J., 2012. Cyberfeminism 2.0. New York: Peter Lang.
Gill, R.C., 2007. Critical Respect: The Difficulties and Dilemmas of Agency and “Choice” for Feminism. European Journal of Women’s Studies [online], 14(1), 69–80. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1350506807072318 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506807072318
Hajek, A., 2018. Je ne suis pas Catherine Deneuve: Reflections on contemporary debates about sexual self-determination in Italy. Modern Italy [online], 23(2), 139–143. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2018.10 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2018.10
Harris, A., 2008. Young Women, Late Modern Politics, and the Participatory Possibilities of Online Cultures. Journal of Youth Studies [online], 11(5), 481–495. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260802282950 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260802282950
Harris, A., and Dobson, A.S., 2015. Theorizing Agency in Post-Girlpower Times. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies [online], 29(2), 1–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2015.1022955 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2015.1022955
Magaraggia, S., and Ruspini, E., 2017, Contemporary Net-Activism: beyond Gender Dichotomies? In: F. Antonelli, ed., Net-Activism: How Digital Technologies Have Been Changing Individual and Collective Action [online], 61–67. Available from: http://romatrepress.uniroma3.it/ojs/index.php/net/article/download/688/684 [Accessed 12 September 2019].
Mainardi, A., 2018. “The pictures I really dislike are those where the girls are naked!”: Postfeminist norms of female sexual embodiment in contemporary Italian digital culture. Modern Italy [online], 23(2), 187–200. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2018.6 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2018.6
Mattoni, A., and Treré, E., 2014, Media Practices, Mediation Processes, and Mediatization in the Study of Social Movements. Communication Theory [online], 24(3), 252–271. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12038 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12038
Mazzarella, S.R., ed., 2010. Girl Wide Web 2.0: Revisiting Girls, the Internet, and the Negotiation of Identity. New York: Peter Lang.
McRobbie, A., 2009. The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change. London: Sage.
Mitchell, C., and Reid-Walsh, J., 2008. Girl Method: Placing Girl-centred Research Methodologies on the Map of Girlhood Studies. In: J. Klaenn, ed., Roadblocks to Equality: Women Challenging Boundaries. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 214–233.
Pavan, E., 2017, The integrative Power of Online Collective Action Networks Beyond Protest. Exploring Social Media Use in the Process of Institutionalization. Social Movement Studies [online], 16(4), 433–446. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2016.1268956 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2016.1268956
Pavan, E., and Mainardi, A., 2019. At the roots of media cultures. Social movements producing knowledge about media as discriminatory workspaces. Information, Communication and Society [online], 1–17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1631372 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1631372
Ringrose, J., 2011. Are You Sexy, flirty, or a Slut? Exploring “Sexualization” and How Teen Girls Perform/Negotiate Digital Sexual Identity on Social Networking Sites. In: R. Gill and C. Scharff, eds., New Femininities: Postfeminism, Neoliberalism and Subjectivity [online]. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 99–116. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230294523_7 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230294523_7
Ringrose, J., and Barajas, K.E., 2011, Gendered Risks and Opportunities? Exploring Teen girls’ Digitized Sexual Identities in Postfeminist Media Contexts. International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics [online], 7(2), 121–138. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.7.2.121_1 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.7.2.121_1
Ringrose, J., et al., 2013, Teen Girls, Sexual Double Standards and “Sexting”: Gendered Value in Digital Image Exchange. Feminist Theory [online], 14(3), 305–323. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1464700113499853 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700113499853
Stacey, J., 1990, Sexism by a Subtler Name? Poststructural Conditions and Post-feminist Consciousness in Silicon Valley. In: K.V., Hansen and I.J. Philipson, eds., Women, Class, and the Feminist Imagination: A Socialist Feminist Reader. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 338–356.
Tiqqun, 2001. Raw Materials for a Theory of the Young-Girl. Paris: Mille Et Une Nuits.
van Zoonen, L., 2013. From Identity to Identification: Fixating the Fragmented Self. Media, Culture & Society [online], 35(1), 44–51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0163443712464557 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443712464557
Wajcman, J., 2009. Feminist Theories of Technology. Cambridge Journal of Economics [online], 34(1), 143–52. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/ben057 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/ben057
Wilding, F., 1998, Notes on the Political Condition of Cyberfeminism. Art Journal [online], 57(2), 47–59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00043249.1998.10791878 [Accessed 12 September 2019]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00043249.1998.10791878
Zappino, F., ed., 2016. Il genere tra Neoliberismo e Neofondamentalismo. Verona: Ombre Corte.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Arianna Mainardi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
OSLS strictly respects intellectual property rights and it is our policy that the author retains copyright, and articles are made available under a Creative Commons licence. The Creative Commons Non-Commercial Attribution No-Derivatives licence is our default licence, further details available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 If this is not acceptable to you, please contact us.
The non-exclusive permission you grant to us includes the rights to disseminate the bibliographic details of the article, including the abstract supplied by you, and to authorise others, including bibliographic databases, indexing and contents alerting services, to copy and communicate these details.
For information on how to share and store your own article at each stage of production from submission to final publication, please read our Self-Archiving and Sharing policy.
The Copyright Notice showing the author and co-authors, and the Creative Commons license will be displayed on the article, and you must agree to this as part of the submission process. Please ensure that all co-authors are properly attributed and that they understand and accept these terms.