Anonimato del Donante y Derecho a Conocer: un Difícil Equilibrio (Donor Anonimity and Right to Know: a Challenging Balancing)
Keywords:
Genetics, biology, anonymity, secrecy, origins, assisted reproductive technology, parentage, Genética, biología, anonimato, secreto, orígenes, técnicas de reproducción asistida, filiaciónAbstract
This article examines the tension among the anonymity of the gamete donor and the right of the child to know his origin, following the latest trend of the European legal systems. The analysis of legal systems that recognize such a right to children conceived through donated gametes allows us to think further on the hypotheses, now more extended, which consider that traditional arguments for secrecy are out-dated. In this regard, the article also challenges the different treatment granted to adopted children and donor gamete children by legal systems such as the Spanish one. Beyond the possible conflicting rights of children, donors and parents, arguments provided by anonymity supporters, such as moral damages resulting from disclosure or the possible link between disclosure and the decrease in the number of donors, should be also taken into account. However, these arguments require absolute empirical evidence which is not currently conclusive. Alternatively, disclosure of the identity of the donor, once the child has reached enough maturity, is seen as a solution to be studied in detail, as long as it does not lead to the establishment of parentage links. The article suggests that this solution is consistent with the needs of donor families, and with a major trend in family law supporting the right to know one’s genetic origin, dissociated from biological and legal parentage spheres.
El trabajo plantea la compatibilidad entre la garantía de anonimato del donante de gametos y el derecho del nacido a conocer sus orígenes. A partir del análisis de los ordenamientos que reconocen este derecho a las personas concebidas mediante gametos donados, el trabajo pretende profundizar en las hipótesis, cada vez más extendidas, que consideran que las fundamentaciones tradicionales para mantener el secreto han perdido valor y, a su vez, indagar en si está justificado el diferente trato que en esta materia dispensan, al concebido mediante gametos donados y al adoptado, legislaciones como la española. Más allá de los derechos en conflicto (de hijos, donantes y padres), deben ser tenidos en cuenta los argumentos que podrían legitimar las opciones basadas en el anonimato, como el posible daño derivado de revelar la información sobre el propio origen o la posible relación entre la supresión del anonimato y la disminución del número de donantes. Ahora bien, estos argumentos requieren de una absoluta evidencia empírica que no es concluyente al día de hoy. La posibilidad de conocer la identidad del donante de gametos, una vez el nacido ha alcanzado la madurez suficiente, sin que ello deba conducir necesariamente al establecimiento de vínculos legales de filiación, se perfila como una solución que debe ser explorada en profundidad, puesto que es coherente con la realidad de las familias creadas a partir del recurso a técnicas de reproducción asistida heterólogas y con la tendencia, cada vez mayor en derecho de familia, hacia el reconocimiento del derecho a conocer el origen genético, disociándolo de otras esferas de filiación biológica y legal.
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