Terrorism, Forgiveness and Restorative Justice
Keywords:
Terrorism, restorative justice, victimology, forgiveness, criminal justice, Terrorismo, justicia restaurativa, victimología, perdón, justicia criminalAbstract
This paper is intended to enhance understanding of the complexities of restorative justice in cases of terrorism from a victimological perspective. It does so first by analysing what separates terrorism from other forms of crime. The author argues that the main distinction concerns the peculiarly public nature of terrorism, in which the attack on the direct victims is intended to influence a (far) larger group of so-called vicarious victims. This means that the public is likely to experience terrorist attacks as attacks on themselves. As a consequence the public can feel entitled to processes of forgiveness which in turn can conflict with the direct victims’ own experience. To illuminate this issue the paper proposes a novel distinction in third party forgiveness processes: between public forgiveness, i.e. forgiveness relating to the public wrongfulness inherent in crime, and vicarious forgiveness, i.e. the public’s experience of forgiveness itself. The complexities for restorative justice after terrorism can be then be viewed in terms of the tensions between the direct victims’ private and the publics’ vicarious forgiveness processes.
Este artículo pretende facilitar la comprensión de las complejidades de la justicia restaurativa en casos de terrorismo desde una perspectiva victimológica. Lo hace primero mediante el análisis de lo que separa el terrorismo de otras formas de delincuencia. El autor sostiene que la distinción principal se refiere a la naturaleza pública específica del terrorismo, ya que mediante el ataque a las víctimas directas se pretende influir en el grupo (mucho) más grande de las llamadas víctimas vicarias. Esto significa que es probable que el público sienta los ataques terroristas como ataques contra ellos mismos. De esta forma, el público puede sentirse con derecho sobre los procesos de perdón, lo que, a su vez, puede entrar en conflicto con la propia experiencia de las víctimas directas. Para iluminar esta cuestión, el artículo propone una novedosa distinción en los procesos de perdón de tercera parte: entre el perdón público, es decir, el perdón en relación con la injusticia pública inherente al crimen, y el perdón vicario, es decir, la experiencia del público sobre el propio perdón. Las complejidades de la justicia restaurativa en casos de terrorismo pueden entonces verse en términos de las tensiones entre los procesos de perdón de las víctimas directas privadas y los de las víctimas públicas vicarias.
DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2467107
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