Las Cárceles de la Etnicidad: Experiencias y Prácticas de Resistencia de los Mapuche Sometidos a la Violencia Política en la Era del Multiculturalismo (2000-2010) (Prisons of ethnicity: Experiences and Practices of the Mapuche Resistance Subjected to ...)
Keywords:
Mapuche, criminalization, political prisoner, moral economy, Chile, Criminalización, presos políticos, economía moralAbstract
This article seeks to understand the ways in which the Mapuche people (situated in the Southern and Central areas of Chile) have culturally resignified both the arbitrariness of their militants’ imprisonment and the judicialization of the community’s political demands over the past decades. To achieve this aim, I will highlight subjective process originating from the experience of criminalization endured by the Mapuche people. In this process, it will be argued that both the individual career of the militant and the indigenous social movement interweave simultaneously with one another. The article shows how the effects triggered by the state’s repression towards the Mapuche transcend/surpass the spaces for political demobilization. The latter is confirmed by observing how many of the imprisoned leaders or assassinated young leaders have become emblematic for the indigenous struggle. Although these militants do not have the same initial role, those who have survived the repression have acquired other responsibilities in either the militant’s world or in the international arena. The study of these different experiences as well as their contextualization will shed light on our understanding of the emergence of new practices and regimes of subjectivities, whereby a real “moral economy” arises at the level of the indigenous organizations and the Latin American social movements.
Este artículo pretende entender las formas cómo el pueblo mapuche, ubicado en las zonas centro-sur de Chile, ha resignificado culturalmente la arbitrariedad del encarcelamiento de sus militantes y la judicialización de las demandas políticas de la comunidad durante las últimas décadas. Para tal propósito, resaltaré el proceso subjetivo que nace de la experiencia de criminalización del pueblo mapuche, en donde la carrera individual del militante y la trayectoria del movimiento social indígena en Chile se entrecruzan simultáneamente. El artículo demuestra cómo los efectos provocados por la represión estatal hacia el pueblo mapuche trascienden los espacios de la desmovilización política. Lo anterior se confirma al observar que varios de los dirigentes encarcelados o jóvenes militantes asesinados se han convertido en emblemas de la causa indígena. Si bien es cierto que no ocupan el rol que ocupaban antes, aquellos que han sobrevivido la represión han asumido otras responsabilidades en el mundo militante o en instancias internacionales. El estudio de las diferentes experiencias y su contextualización pueden aportar elementos de comprensión en cuanto a la emergencia de nuevas prácticas y regímenes de subjetividades, de una verdadera “economía moral”, tanto al nivel de las organizaciones indígenas como de los movimientos sociales latinoamericanos.
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