The Criminalization of Socio-Environmental Struggles in Puerto Rico
Keywords:
environmental colonialism, criminalization, social protest and environmental justice, colonialismo ambiental, criminalización, protesta social y justicia ambientalAbstract
Throughout the twentieth century and the outset of the twenty-first, Puerto Rico’s sociopolitical and pro-independence struggles from US colonial rule have been influenced by the emergence of mobilizations for environmental justice. This article suggests that our understanding of both environmental and anticolonial mobilizations can be broadened by considering Puerto Rico’s sociopolitical and colonial reality, as well as emphasizing the criminalization processes that take place as an institutional reaction to social mobilization. The structure of the article follows a threefold analysis. In the first part, I describe the historical basis of Puerto Rico’s colonial situation, including its environmental impact, outlining the intertwined nature of these two processes. The second part outlines the mechanisms of repression and criminalization developed by the US and Puerto Rican governments. Finally, part three analyses the Puerto Rican environmental conflicts between 1999 and 2012, as well as how pro-environmental civil disobedience became a criminal offence.
A lo largo del siglo XX e inicios del siglo XXI las movilizaciones sociopolíticas y anticoloniales puertorriqueñas y/o las luchas contra el régimen colonial estadounidense en Puerto Rico, se han visto influenciadas por el surgimiento de movilizaciones por la justicia ambiental. Este artículo sugiere que nuestra comprensión de los movimientos ambientales y anticoloniales puertorriqueños puede ser expandida en la medida que consideramos la realidad sociopolítica y colonial puertorriqueña, así como al enfatizar en el estudio de los procesos sistemáticos e institucionales de criminalización desplegados contra estas movilizaciones sociales. La estructura de este articulo se fundamenta en un análisis tridimensional. La primera parte, describe brevemente la historia colonial de Puerto Rico y el impacto del colonialismo sobre el medioambiente, señalando de esta manera la intensa correlación entre estos dos procesos. La segunda parte describe los mecanismos de represión y criminalización desarrollados por los gobierno de Estados Unidos de América y Puerto Rico. Finalmente, la tercera parte analiza los conflictos medioambientales puertorriqueños entre los años 1999 y 2012 y muestra como la desobediencia civil en favor del medioambiente fue criminalizada.
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