Empirical research with judicial officers: The biography of a research project

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.1726

Keywords:

Courts, judicial officers, research collaboration, Tribunales, funcionarios judiciales, colaboración en las investigaciones

Abstract

This article examines the history of a large multi-year, national empirical research project into the Australian judiciary undertaken by the two co-authors. We consider the different phases of the project, discuss what worked and what did not, and offer some suggestions for future research involving judicial officers and their courts. The research project entailed negotiating collaboration with and access to judicial officers and court staff on a national, state and local basis. Reflecting on this experience confirms the importance of collaboration with the courts and judiciary and researcher independence from them. Collaboration provides extensive access, supporting a long term, multi-method research design, and providing findings that are original, robust and valuable to the judiciary. It is equally important to maintain researcher independence: to ensure that courts and government commit to researcher control of data, its analysis and application, recognising that the courts cannot censor findings, presentations or publications. Collaboration and independence require generating and maintaining long term relationships, so that research leads to robust original scholarship that benefits judicial officers, courts, and the publics they serve.

Este artículo examina la historia de un amplio proyecto nacional de investigación empírica plurianual sobre el poder judicial de Australia emprendido por las dos coautoras. Se examinan las diferentes fases del proyecto, se discute lo que funcionó y lo que no, y se ofrecen algunas sugerencias para futuras investigaciones en las que participen funcionarios judiciales y sus tribunales. El proyecto de investigación implicó negociar la colaboración y el acceso a los funcionarios judiciales y al personal de los tribunales a escala nacional, estatal y local. Reflexionar sobre esta experiencia confirma la importancia de la colaboración con los tribunales y el poder judicial y la independencia del investigador respecto a ellos. La colaboración proporciona un amplio acceso, apoyando un diseño de investigación a largo plazo y multimétodo, y arroja resultados que son originales, sólidos y valiosos para el poder judicial. Es igualmente importante mantener la independencia del investigador: garantizar que los tribunales y el gobierno se comprometan a que el investigador controle los datos, su análisis y aplicación, reconociendo que los tribunales no pueden censurar las conclusiones, presentaciones o publicaciones. La colaboración y la independencia requieren la creación y el mantenimiento de relaciones a largo plazo, de modo que la investigación dé lugar a sólidos conocimientos originales que beneficien a los funcionarios judiciales, a los tribunales y al público al que sirven.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

        Metrics

Views 163
Downloads:
13(S1)_Roach_Anleu_Mack_OSLS 165
XML_13(S1)_Roach_Anleu_Mack_OSLS 5


Author Biographies

Sharyn Roach Anleu, Flinders University

Sharyn Roach Anleu is Matthew Flinders Distinguished Professor in the College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences at Flinders University, and Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. In 2023, she received the Law and Society Association International Prize. With Kathy Mack she leads the Judicial Research Project at Flinders University. Their latest book is Judging and Emotion: A Socio-Legal Analysis (2021). Sharyn co-edited Judges, Judging and Humour (2018) with Jessica Milner Davis. Contact details: College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences. Judicial Research Project. Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia. Email address: judicial.research@flinders.edu.au

Kathy Mack, Flinders University

Kathy Mack is Emerita Professor, Flinders University in the College of Business, Government and Law. Kathy is the author of a monograph, book chapters and articles on alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and articles on legal education and evidence. Since 1994, with Sharyn Roach Anleu, she has undertaken socio-legal research into Australian courts and judiciary, including investigating the production of guilty pleas, and examining the everyday work of the judiciary, through the Judicial Research Project at Flinders University. Their latest book is Judging and Emotion: A Socio-Legal Analysis (Routledge 2021). Contact details: College of Business, Law and Government. Judicial Research Project. Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia. Email address: judicial.research@flinders.edu.au

References

Appleby, G., and Roberts, H., 2023. Studying judges: The role of the Chief Justice, and other institutional actors. Oñati Socio-Legal Series [online], 13(S1-this issue). Available at: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.1713

Appleby, G., et al., 2019. Contemporary challenges facing the Australian judiciary: An empirical interruption. Melbourne University Law Review, 42(2), 299-369.

Australian Research Council, 2017. ERA 2018: Submission guidelines [online]. Commonwealth of Australia. Available at: https://web.archive.org.au/awa/20220302235108mp_/https://www.arc.gov.au/file/3781/download?token=Wq9o-CbM

Banakar, R., 2000. Reflections on the methodological issues of the sociology of law. Journal of Law and Society [online], 27(2), 273–295. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6478.00154

Banakar, R., and Travers, M., 2005. Theory and method in socio-legal research. Oxford/Portland: Hart.

Barrett, L.F., 2017. How emotions are made: The secret life of the brain. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Becker, H.S., 1998. Tricks of the trade: How to think about your research while you’re doing it. Chicago/London: Chicago University Press.

Berger, B., and Berger, P.L., 1972. Sociology: A biographical approach. New York: Basic Books.

Bergman Blix, S., and Wettergren, Å., 2015. The emotional labour of gaining and maintaining access to the field. Qualitative Research [online], 15(6), 688–704. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794114561348

Branco, P., 2023. Analysing courthouses’ spaces, places and architecture: Some methodological outlines. Oñati Socio-Legal Series [online], 13(S1-this issue). Available at: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.1692

Cahill-O’Callaghan, R., 2023. When you cannot ask the judge: Using the case to explore judicial culture. Oñati Socio-Legal Series [online], 13(S1-this issue). Available at: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.1745

Casaleiro, P., and Jesus, F., 2023. Judicial working contexts as a field of interdisciplinary empirical research. Paper presented at “Empirical Research with Judicial Professionals and Courts: Methods and Practices”, Oñati, Spain, 23–24 June.

Cook, P.S., 2014. “To actually be sociological”: Autoethnography as an assessment and learning tool. Journal of Sociology [online], 50(3), 269–282. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783312451780.

Courts and Tribunals Judiciary, 2020. Judicial participation in research projects [online]. 16 October. London: Judicial Office. Available at: https://www.judiciary.uk/guidance-and-resources/judicial-participation-in-research-projects/

Darbyshire, P., 2011. Sitting in judgment: The working lives of judges. Oxford/Portland: Hart.

Denzin, N.K., 2009. The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. New York: Routledge.

Dias, J.P., Conceição, G., and Henriques, M., 2023. Conducting socio-legal research in Portugal: from the experience of the Permanent Observatory for Justice to the study of working conditions in courts. Oñati Socio-Legal Series [online], 13(S1-this issue). Available at: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.1735

Dickson-Swift, V., et al., 2009, Researching sensitive topics: Qualitative research as emotion work. Qualitative Research [online], 9(1), 61–79. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794108098031

Dillman, D., 1978. Mail and telephone surveys: The total design method. New York: Wiley.

Dobbin, S.A., et al., 2001. Surveying Difficult Populations: Lessons Learned from a National Survey of State Trial Court Judges. Justice System Journal, 22, 287–307.

Dusdal, J., and Powell, J.J.W., 2021. Benefits, motivations, and challenges of international collaborative research: A sociology of science case study. Science and Public Policy [online], 48(2), 235–245. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scab010

Elder, G.H., Johnson, M.K., and Crosnoe, R., 2003. The emergence and development of life course theory. In: J.T. Mortimer and M.J. Shanahan, eds., Handbook of the Life course [online]. Boston: Springer, 3–19. Available at: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-306-48247-2_1

Fitzpatrick, P., and Olson, R.E., 2015. A rough road map to reflexivity in qualitative research into emotions. Emotion Review [online], 7(1), 49–54. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914544710

Granovetter, M.S., 1973, The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology [online], 78(6), 1360–1380. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1086/225469

Halliday, S., and Schmidt, P., eds., 2009. Conducting law and society research: Reflections on methods and practices. Cambridge University Press.

Hannaford-Agor, P., 2023. "How exactly is it done here?" Conducting cross-jurisdictional research with judges and court staff. Oñati Socio-Legal Series [online], 13(S1-this issue). Available at: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.1702

Hochschild, A.R., 1983. The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Holmes, M., 2010. The emotionalization of reflexivity. Sociology [online], 44(1), 139–154. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038509351616

Holmes, M., 2015. Researching emotional reflexivity. Emotion Review [online], 7(1), 61–66. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914544478

Hunter, C., Nixon, J., and Blandy, S. 2008, Researching the judiciary: Exploring the invisible in judicial decision making. Journal of Law and Society [online], 35(S1), 76–90. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2008.00426.x

Jacobson, J., Hunter, G., and Kirby, A., 2015. Inside Crown Court: Personal experiences and questions of legitimacy. Bristol: Policy Press.

Katz, S.J., and Martin, B.R., 1997. What is research collaboration? Research Policy [online], 26(1), 1–18. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(96)00917-1

Latour, B., 2010. The Making of Law: An ethnography of the Conseil d’Etat. Trans.: M. Brilman and A. Pottage. Cambridge: Polity Press. (Originally published in 2002).

Legal Studies Department, 1980. Guilty, your Worship: A study of Victoria’s Magistrates’ Courts. Bundoora: La Trobe University.

Lofland, J., et al., 2005. Analyzing social settings. Routledge: New York.

Mack, K., and Roach Anleu, S., 1995. Pleading guilty: Issues and practices. Carlton: Australian Institute of Judicial Administration.

Mack, K., and Roach Anleu, S., 2008. The National Survey of Australian Judges: An overview of findings. Journal of Judicial Administration [online], 18(1), 5–21. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2623437

Mack, K., Roach Anleu, S., and Tutton, J., 2017. Pleading guilty: Issues and practices – A socio-legal research case study. Journal of Judicial Administration, 27(1), 21–44.

Mack, K., Wallace, A., and Roach Anleu, S., 2012. Judicial workload: Time, tasks and work organisation. Melbourne: Australasian Institute of Judicial Administration.

Mark, A., 2023. Perceptions of administrative policymaking authority: evidence from interviews in three state court systems. Oñati Socio-Legal Series [online], 13(S1-this issue). Available at: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.1706

Mulcahy, L., and Tsalapatanis, A., 2023. Handmaidens, partners or go-betweens: Reflections on the push and pull of the judicial and justice policy audience. Oñati Socio-Legal Series [online], 13(S1-this issue). Available at: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.1707

OECD, 2015. Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development [online]. Paris: OECD. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en

Opeskin, B., 2023. Lazy data? Using administrative records in research on judicial systems. Oñati Socio-Legal Series [online], 13(S1-this issue). Available at: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl.1624

Roach Anleu, S., and Mack, K., 2008. The professionalization of Australian magistrates: Autonomy, credentials and prestige. Journal of Sociology [online], 44(2), 185–203. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783308089169

Roach Anleu, S., and Mack, K., 2017. Performing judicial authority in the lower courts [online]. London: Palgrave. Available at: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/978-1-137-52159-0

Roach Anleu, S., and Mack, K., 2019. Impartiality and emotion in everyday judicial practice. In: R. Patulny et al., eds., Emotions in late modernity [online]. Abingdon/New York: Routledge, 253–266. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351133319

Roach Anleu, S., and Mack, K., 2021. Judging and emotion. London: Routledge.

Roach Anleu, S., Bergman Blix, S., and Mack, K., 2015. Researching emotion in courts and the judiciary: A tale of two projects. Emotion Review [online], 7(2), 145–150. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914554776

Roach Anleu, S., et al., 2016. Observing judicial work and emotions: Using two researchers. Qualitative Research [online], 16(4), 375–391. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794115579475

Thomas, C., 2023. 2022 UK Judicial Attitude Survey. London: UCL Judicial Institute.

van Oorschot, I., 2021. The law multiple: Judgment and knowledge in practice. Cambridge University Press.

Published

20-12-2023

How to Cite

Roach Anleu, S. and Mack, K. (2023) “Empirical research with judicial officers: The biography of a research project”, Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 13(S1), pp. S30-S57. doi: 10.35295/osls.iisl.1726.