“Places you shouldn't go to”
(Im)mobility, violence and democracy in Brazil and South Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1221Keywords:
violence, mobility, social inequalitiesAbstract
Pursuing the broader political effects of the relationship between violence, mobility, and inequality, the article describes some of the grounded political-economies (re)producing social inequalities in Brazil and South Africa, and a discontinuous experience of the urban space. This fragmented spatial experience is produced by the simultaneous operation of a discursive apparatus projecting a split ideal of “city”, and grounded social mechanics, in the intersection of values and power relations. In Johannesburg, South Africa, we’ve described the creation of Maboneng, a “urban development project”, to highlight the role of social mobility and growing class aspirations as powerful political vehicles for neoliberal markets reissuing old apartheid socio-spatial divisions. In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, we’ve explored the relationship between the State and its margins to understand the production of the milícia as a violent anti-modern capitalist venture, aiming to control the circulation of people, capital and political support in the city.
Downloads
Metrics
Downloads:
PDF_11_6_Albernaz_Pires_OSLS 1197
XML_11_6_Albernaz_Pires_OSLS 95
References
Abrams, P., 1988. Notes on the difficulty of studying the state. Journal of Historical Sociology, 1(1), 58–89.
Afronova, no date. Democracy is dialogue. Afronova [online]. Available from: https://www.afronova.com/news/democracy-is-dialogue/ [Access 31 January 2020].
Aguero, G.H., and Perelman, M.D., 2019. Desigualdad, imaginarios y escala urbana. Un estudio comparativo de grupos subalternos en Salta y Buenos Aires, Argentina. In: P.Vera, A. Gravano and F. Aliaga, eds., Ciudades (in)descifrables imaginarios y representaciones sociales de lo urbano [online]. Bogotá: Universidad Santo Tomás. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr33dsp [Access 31 August 2021].
Albernaz, E., 2018. Palácios sem reis, democracias sem cidadãos: política, cotidiano e a formação de mercados da exclusão em dois contextos do “sul-global”. Tese de Doutorado defendida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia. Nitéroi: Universidade Federal Fluminense (PPGA/UFF).
Alfaya, I., 2019. Prédios desabam em comunidade na zona oeste do Rio de Janeiro. R7 [online], 12 April. Available from: https://noticias.r7.com/rio-de-janeiro/predios-desabam-em-comunidade-na-zona-oeste-do-rio-de-janeiro-12042019 [Access 29 March 2021].
Alves, J.C.S., 2003. Dos barões ao extermínio: Uma história da violência na Baixada Fluminense. Duque de Caxias: Associação de Professores e Pesquisadores de História, CAPPH-CLIO.
Alves, J.C.S., 2008. Milícias: mudanças na economia política do crime no Rio de Janeiro. In: Justiça Global, ed., Segurança, tráfico e milícias no Rio de Janeiro [online]. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Heinrich Böll, pp. 33–36. Available from: http://www.dhnet.org.br/dados/relatorios/r_jglobal/r_jg_rj_milicias.pdf [Access 31 August 2021].
Amar, P., 2013. The security archipelago. Duke University Press.
Amorim, M.S. de, Lima, R.K. de, and Mendes, R.L.T., 2005. Ensaios sobre a igualdade jurídica: Acesso à justiça criminal e direitos de cidadania no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris.
Appadurai, A., 2001. La modernidad desbordada. Buenos Aires: Trilce/ Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Bayat, A., 2000. From Dangerous Classes’ to Quiet Rebels’ Politics of the Urban Subaltern in the Global South. International sociology, 15(3), pp. 533–557.
Bell, D.A., and De-Shalit, A., 2013. The spirit of cities. Princeton University Press.
Benjamin, C., et al., 1998. A opção brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Contraponto.
Burke, J., 2018. “We are a family” – on patrol with the Red Ants. The Guardian [online], 8 May. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2018/may/08/red-ants-mass-evictions [Access 29 March 2021].
Burke, J., 2019. “We are a target”: wave of xenophobic attacks sweeps Johannesburg. The Guardian [online], 10 September. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/10/we-are-a-target-wave-of-xenophobic-attacks-sweeps-johannesburg [Access 29 March 2021].
Burocco, L., 2018. Pólos criativos de colonialidad no sul (Creative hubs of coloniality in the South). Tese de Doutorado. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola de Comunicação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Cultura.
Caldeira, T.P., 1997. Enclaves fortificados: A nova segregação urbana. Novos estudos [online], v. 47, pp. 155–76. Available from: https://liquefeito.com.br/ippur/images/Texto_2_-_CALDEIRA_Teresa_P._do_R._Enclaves_fortificados_-_segrega%C3%A7%C3%A3o_urbana.pdf [Access 31 August 2021].
Caldeira, T.P., 2000. Cidade de muros: Crime, segregação e cidadania em São Paulo. São Paulo: Editora 34.
Cano, I., and Duarte, T., 2012. No sapatinho: A evolução das milícias no Rio de Janeiro (2008–2011). Rio de Janeiro: Laboratório de Análise da Violência (LAV) da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ)/Fundação Heinrich Böll.
Carraro, V., 2019. Grounding the digital: a comparison of Waze “avoid dangerous areas” feature in Jerusalem, Rio de Janeiro and the US. GeoJournal [online]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-019-10117-y [Access 29 March 2021].
Chatterjee, P., 2004. The politics of the governed: Reflections on popular politics in most of the world. New York: Columbia University Press.
Comaroff, J., and Comaroff, J.L., 2016. The truth about crime: Sovereignty, knowledge, social order. University of Chicago Press.
Da Silva, G., 2019. “Quantos ainda vão morrer, eu não sei”: O regime do arbítrio, da curtição, morte e a vida em um lugar chamado de favela. Tese de doutorado. Niterói: PPSD/Universidade Federal Fluminense.
Das, V., and Poole, D., 2004. Anthropology in the Margins of the State. PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review [online], 30(1), pp. 140–144. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1525/pol.2007.30.1.140 [Access 31 August 2021].
Das, V., and Randeria, S., 2015. Politics of the urban poor: aesthetics, ethics, volatility, precarity: An introduction to supplement 11. Current Anthropology [online], 56(S11), pp. S3–S14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1086/682353
DeJesus, K.M., 2018. Forced migration and displacement in Africa: contexts, causes and consequences. African Geographical Review, 37(2), pp. 29–82.
Dias, J.B., Thomaz, O.R., and Filho, W.T., 2008. Brazilian Anthropologists in Africa. Remarks on Theory, Politics and Fieldwork Overseas. VIBRANT-Vibrant Virtual Brazilian Anthropology [online], 5(2), pp. 277–303. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=406941906013 [Access 31 August 2021].
Eriksen, T.H., 2014. Globalization: The key concepts. London: A&C Black.
Faoro, R., 2008. Os donos do poder: Formação do patronato político brasileiro. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca Azul. (Originally published in 1958).
Farias, J., et al., 2020. Militarização no Rio de Janeiro: Da pacificação à intervenção. Rio de Janeiro: Mórula.
Fassin, D., Wilhelm-Solomon, M., and Segatti, A., 2017. Asylum as a Form of Life. Current Anthropology, 58(2), pp. 160–176.
Ferguson, J., 2006. Global shadows: Africa in the neoliberal world order. Durham: Duke University Press.
Ferguson, J., 2014. Transnational topographies of power: beyond “the State” and “civil society” in the study of African politics. Occasional paper [online], 19, pp. 45–71. Available from: https://ojs.ruc.dk/index.php/ocpa/article/view/3815 [Access 31 August 2021].
Ferguson, J., and Gupta, A., 2002. Spatializing states: toward an ethnography of neoliberal governmentality. American Ethnologist, 29(4), pp. 981–1002.
Filho, W.T., and Dias, J.B., 2015. O colonialismo em África e seus legados: classificação e poder no ordenamento da vida social. Anuário Antropológico [online], 40(2), pp. 9–22. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4000/aa.1371 [Access 31 August 2021].
Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública, 2021. Anuário Brasileiro de Segurança Pública [online]. Last updated 15 July. Available from: https://forumseguranca.org.br/anuario-brasileiro-seguranca-publica/ [Access 29 March 2021].
Foucault, M., 1979. Microfísica do poder. Rio de Janeiro: Graal.
Foucault, M., 1984. História da sexualidade I: A vontade de saber. Trans: M.T. de C. Albuquerque and J.A.G. Albuquerque. Rio de Janeiro: Graal.
Foucault, M., 2001. Vigiar e punir. Trans.: R. Ramalhete. Petrópolis: Vozes.
Foucault, M., 2007. Territory, Security, Population: Lectures at the Collège De France 1977–1978. Trans.: G. Burchell. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Geertz, C., 2003. Le Souk de Sefrou: Sur l’économie du bazar. Trans.: D. Cefaï. Saint-Denis: Bouchene.
Gennari, A.M., 2002. Globalização, neoliberalismo e abertura econômica no Brasil nos anos 90. Pesquisa & Debate: Revista do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Economia Política [online], 13(1[21]). Available from: https://revistas.pucsp.br/rpe/article/view/12029 [Access 31 August 2021].
Goffman, A., 2015. On the run: Fugitive life in an American city. London: Picador.
Graham, S., 2011. The new military urbanism. In: G. Bridge and S. Watson, eds., The New Blackwell Companion to the City. Hoboken: Blackwell, pp. 121–133.
Gregory, J.J., 2016. Creative industries and urban regeneration–The Maboneng precinct, Johannesburg. Local Economy, 31(1–2), pp. 158–171.
Guha, R., and Spivak, G.C., eds., 1988. Selected subaltern studies. Oxford University Press.
Guimarães, A., Leitão, L., and Martins, M.A., 2019. Operação prende 13 suspeitos de investir em imóveis da milícia na Muzema, no Rio. Globo [online], 16 July. Available from: https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2019/07/16/operacao-tenta-prender-investidores-e-responsaveis-por-imoveis-da-milicia-na-muzema-no-rio.ghtml [Access 29 March 2021].
Hannerz, U., 1980. Exploring the city: Inquiries toward an urban anthropology. New York: Columbia University Press.
Harrison, P., et al., 2010. Changing Space, Changing City: Johannesburg after apartheid. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
Holanda, S.B. de, 1976. Raízes do Brasil. 9th ed. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio.
Hollington, A., et al., 2015. Concepts of the Global South. Cologne: Global South Studies Center.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), 2010. Censo [online]. Available from: http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/ [Access 29 March 2021].
Into the Shadows: Inside Johannesburg’s Underworld (Crime Documentary), 2018. YouTube clip. Real Stories [online], 24 March. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkaWctIgjtc [Access 29 March 2021].
Krader, L., 1970. A formação do estado. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar.
Krohn-Hansen, C., and Nustad, K.G., eds., 2005. State formation: Anthropological perspectives. London: Pluto Press.
Landau, L.B., 2007. Discrimination and development? Immigration, urbanisation and sustainable livelihoods in Johannesburg. Development Southern Africa, 24(1), pp. 61–76.
Lefebvre, H., 1991. O direito à cidade. São Paulo: Moraes. (Originally published in 1968).
Lefebvre, H., 1999. A revolução urbana. Belo Horizonte: UFMG. (Originally published in 1970).
Leite, M.P., 2012. Da “metáfora da guerra” ao projeto de “pacificação”: Favelas e políticas de segurança pública no Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Segurança Pública [online], 6(2). Available from: https://revista.forumseguranca.org.br/index.php/rbsp/article/view/126/123 [Access 31 August 2021].
Leite, M.P., 2014. Entre a “guerra” e a “paz”: Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora e gestão dos territórios de favela no Rio de Janeiro. Dilemas-Revista de Estudos de Conflito e Controle Social, 7(4), pp. 625–642.
Lemanski, C., 2004. A new apartheid? The spatial implications of fear of crime in Cape Town, South Africa. Environment and Urbanization, 16(2), pp. 101–112.
Lima, A.C. de S., 2010. Poder tutelar y formación del Estado en Brasil: notas a partir de la creación del Servicio de Protección a los Indios y Localización de Trabajadores Nacionales. Desacatos [online], 33, pp. 53–66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.29340/33.354 [Access 31 August 2021].
Lima, A.C. de S., 2012. Apresentação. Revista de Antropologia [online], 55(2), pp. 559–564. Available from: https://www.revistas.usp.br/ra/article/download/59295/64154 [Access 31 August 2021].
Lima, R.K. de, 1997. Polícia e exclusão na cultura judiciária. Tempo Social [online], 9(1), pp. 169–183. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-20701997000100009 [Access 31 August 2021].
Lima, R.K. de, 2001. Administração de conflitos, espaço público e cidadania: uma perspectiva comparada. Civitas-Revista de Ciências Sociais [online], 1(2), pp. 11–16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15448/1984-7289.2001.2.73 [Access 31 August 2021].
Lima, R.K. de, Eilbaum, L., and Medeiros, F.S., eds., 2017. Casos de repercussão: perspectivas antropológicas sobre rotinas burocráticas e moralidades. Rio de Janeiro: Consequência.
Mabasa, N., 2019. As I experience class mobility, will I protect my interests like the DA’s black middle class? Daily Maverick [online], 23 April. Available from: https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2019-04-23-as-i-experience-class-mobility-will-i-protect-my-interests-like-the-das-black-middle-class/ [Access 29 March 2021].
Marcus, G.E., 1995. Ethnography in/of the world system: The emergence of multi-sited ethnography. Annual review of anthropology, 24(1), pp. 95–117.
Marés, C., Resende, L., and Afonso, N., 2018. CPI das Milícias: o que ocorreu com os políticos citados no relatório? Lupa [online], 12 May. Available from: https://piaui.folha.uol.com.br/lupa/2018/05/12/cpi-milicias-politicos/ [Access 29 March 2021].
Marshall, A., 2016. Crime Alerts Come to Brazilian Waze, Just in Time for the Olympics. Wired [online], 31 July. Available from: https://www.wired.com/2016/07/crime-alerts-come-brazilian-waze-just-time-olympics/ [Access 29 March 2021].
Martín, M., 2015. Mulher morre baleada ao entrar por engano em uma favela no Rio [Woman dies by mistake when entering a favela in Rio]. El País [online], 6 October. Available from: https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2015/10/05/actualidad/1444062892_524126.html [Access 29 March 2021].
Mbembe, A., 2019. Necropolitics. Durham: Duke University Press.
Medeiros, F., 2017. A necropolítica da “guerra”: tecnologias de governo, “homicídios” e “tráfico de drogas” na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Abya-Yala: Revista sobre acesso à justiça e direitos nas Américas [online], 1(3), pp. 73–94. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26512/abyayala.v1i3.7119 [Access 31 August 2021].
Medeiros, F., 2018. O morto no lugar dos mortos: classificações, sistemas de controle e necropolítica no Rio de Janeiro. Revista M [online], 3(5), pp. 72–91. Available from: https://doi.org/10.9789/2525-3050.2018.v3i5.72-91 [Access 31 August 2021].
Melber, H., ed., 2016. The Rise of Africa’s Middle Class: Myths, realities and critical engagements [online]. London: Zed Books. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350251168 [Access 31 August 2021].
Mello, M.A. de S., and Silva, L.M. da, 2012. Favelas cariocas ontem e hoje. Cadernos carioca [online], 22(22). Available from: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9133.v22i22p352-357 [Access 31 August 2021].
Menezes, P.V., 2018. Monitorar, negociar e confrontar: As (re) definições na gestão dos ilegalismos em favelas “pacificadas”. Tempo Social [online], 30(3), pp. 191–216. Available from: https://doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2018.133202 [Access 31 August 2021].
Mercandalli, S., and Losch, B., eds., 2017. Rural Africa in motion. Dynamics and drivers of migration South of the Sahara [online]. Rome: FAO/CIRAD. Available from: http://www.fao.org/3/I7951EN/i7951en.pdf [Access 29 March 2021].
Misse, M., 2008. Sobre a acumulação social da violência no Rio de Janeiro. Civitas, Porto Alegre [online], 8(3), pp. 371–385. Available from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/25530734.pdf [Access 31 August 2021].
Misse, M., 2010. Trocas ilícitas e mercadorias políticas: para uma interpretação de trocas ilícitas e moralmente reprováveis cuja persistência e abrangência no Brasil nos causam incômodos também teóricos. Anuário Antropológico [online], 35(2), 98–107. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4000/aa.916 [Access 31 August 2021].
Mitlin, D., and Satterthwaite, D., 2013. Urban Poverty in the Global South: Scale and Nature. London: Routledge.
Morris, A., 1999. Bleakness & light: Inner-city transition in Hillbrow, Johannesburg. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
Murray, M.J., 2008. Taming the disorderly city: The spatial landscape of Johannesburg after apartheid. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Murray, M.J., and Malan, J., 2006. Photographic Essay: Johannesburg Fortified. In: M.J. Murray and G. Myers, eds., Cities in Contemporary Africa: Place, Politics, and Livelihood. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 95–101.
Nelson, J.M., 2017. Access to power: Politics and the urban poor in developing nations. Princeton University Press.
O Globo and Extra, 2006. Milícias expulsam os traficantes de drogas e já controlam 92 favelas da cidade. O Globo [online], 9 December. Available from: https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/milicias-expulsam-os-traficantes-de-drogas-ja-controlam-92-favelas-da-cidade-4541224 [Access 29 March 2021].
Oliveira, L.R.C., 2002. Direito legal e insulto moral – dilemas da cidadania no Brasil, Quebec e EUA. Rio de Janeiro: Relume-Dumará.
Omena de Melo, E.S., 2017. Exerting State Power in Core and Semi-peripheral Countries: Land Clearance and Domination Strategies in London, Rio de Janeiro and Johannesburg. Dissertation, Doctor of Philosophy. Oxford Brookes University.
Park, R., 1979. A cidade: sugestões para investigação social no meio urbano. In: O.G. Velho, ed., O fenômeno urbano. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar.
Pauw, B.A., 1962. The second Generation. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
Piketty, T., 2014. Capital in the 21st Century. Harvard University Press.
Pillay, S., 2008. Crime, community and the governance of violence in post-apartheid South Africa. Politikon [online], 35(2), pp. 141–158. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/02589340802366943 [Access 31 August 2021].
Pinker, S., 2018. Enlightenment Now: The case for reason, science, humanism and progress. New York: Penguin Random House.
Pinnock, D., 2016. Cape Town: Gang town. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
Pires, L., 2011. Esculhamba, mas não esculacha! Uma etnografia dos usos urbanos dos trens da Central do Brasil [online]. Niterói: EDUFF. Available from: http://www.eduff.uff.br/index.php/livros/173-esculhamba-mas-nao-esculacha-uma-etnografia-dos-usos-urbanos-dos-trens-da-central-do-brasil [Access 31 August 2021].
Pires, L., 2017a. Limites e Desafios de um mundo sob o signo da precariedade. Antropolítica [online], 43, pp. 283–293. Available from: https://doi.org/10.22409/antropolitica2017.0i43.a41770 [Access 31 August 2021].
Pires, L., 2017b. Precários e perigosos: possíveis relações entre formalidade e informalidade em processos de administração de conflitos no Rio de Janeiro. In: J. Gledhill, M.G. Hita and M. Perelman, eds., Disputas em torno do espaço urbano: processos de [re] produção/construção e apropriação da cidade. Bahía: EDUFBA.
Pires, L., 2019. Transportes públicos, cidadania e política: Grandes eventos e “globatização” no Rio de Janeiro. Dilemas, 8(3), pp. 11–28.
Pires, L., Hirata, D.V., and Maldonado, S.A., 2020. Mercados populares, ilegalismos e suas regulações pela violência. Antropolítica [online], 50. Available from: https://doi.org/10.22409/antropolitica2020.i50.a47749 [Access 31 August 2021].
Preteceille, E., and Valladares, L., 2000. Favela, favelas: Unidade ou diversidade da favela carioca. O futuro das metrópoles. Río de Janeiro: Revan.
Resende, L., 2019. Mesmo preso, miliciano que controla Muzema foi convidado a evento da PM. Veja [online], 20 April. Available from: https://veja.abril.com.br/brasil/mesmo-preso-miliciano-que-controla-muzema-foi-convidado-a-evento-da-pm/ [Access 29 March 2021].
Ribeiro, G.L., et al., eds., 2015. Social, political and cultural challenges of the BRICS [online]. São Paulo: ANPOCS. Available from: http://anpocs.com/images/stories/Geral/encontrosanuais/37eaa/BRICS.pdf [Access 31 August 2021].
Ribeiro, L.C., and Santos Junior, O.A. dos, 2017. Neoliberalization and mega-events: The transition of Rio de Janeiro?s hybrid urban order. Journal of Urban Affairs [online], 39(7), pp. 909–923. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2017.1328976 [Access 31 August 2021].
Rodrigues, A., et al., 2018. Homicídios na Baixada Fluminense: Estado, mercado, criminalidade e poder. Comunicações ISER [online], 71, ano 37. Available from: http://www.iser.org.br/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/2018-08-06-publicacao71-iser-WEB.pdf [Access 31 August 2021].
Rosling, H. (with O. Rosling and A.R. Rönnlund), 2019. Factfulness: Ten reasons we’re wrong about the world – and why things are better than we think. London: Sceptre Books.
Sánchez, F., and Broudehoux, A.M., 2013. Mega-events and urban regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: planning in a state of emergency. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), pp. 132–153.
Santos, B. S., 2002. Para uma sociologia das ausências e uma sociologia das emergências. Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais Coimbra, n. 63, out., p. 237-280.
Sassen, S., 1991. The Global City: New York, London and Tokyo. Princeton University Press.
Sehoai, R., 2017. Evictions in central Joburg leave families stranded. Elitsha [online], 18 August. Available from: https://elitshanews.org.za/2017/08/18/evictions-in-central-joburg-leave-families-stranded/ [Access 29 March 2021].
Sennett, R., 2003. Carne e pedra: O corpo e a cidade na civilização ocidental. Trans.: M.A. Reis. Rio de Janeiro: Record.
Sharma, A., 2006. Introduction: Rethinking theories of the state in an age of globalization. Division II Faculty Publications, p. 42.
Shermer, M., 2015. The Moral Arc: How science and reason led humanity towards truth, justice and reason. New York: Macmillan USA.
Silva, L.A.M. da, 2004. Sociabilidade violenta: por uma interpretação da criminalidade contemporânea no Brasil urbano. Sociedade e estado [online], 19(1), pp. 53–84. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-69922004000100004 [Access 31 August 2021].
Silva, L.A.M. da, 2008. Vida sob cerco: Violência e rotina nas favelas do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira.
South African History Online (SAHO), no date. Apartheid Legislation 1850s–1970s [online]. Johannesburg: SAHO. Available from: https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/apartheid-legislation-1850s-1970s [Access 29 March 2021].
Southall, R., 2016. The new black middle class in South Africa. Suffolk/Rochester: Boydell & Brewer.
Spinks, C., 2001. A new apartheid?: Urban spatiality,(fear of) crime, and segregation in Cape Town, South Africa [online]. London School of Economics and Political Science, Development Studies Institute. Available from: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/138143/WP20.pdf [Access 31 August 2021].
Spivak, G.C., 2010. Pode o subalterno falar? 1st ed. Trans. S.R.G. Almeida, M.P. Feitosa and A. Pereira. Belo Horizonte: UFMG.
Terreblanche, S., 2002. A history of inequality in South Africa, 1652–2002. Durban: University of Kwazulu Natal Press.
Thévenot, L., 2006. L'action au pluriel: sociologie des régimes d'engagement. Paris: La Découverte.
Trouillot, M.R., 2001. The anthropology of the state in an age of globalization: Close encounters of a deceptive kind. Current Anthropology, 42(1), pp. 125–138.
Van Onselen, C., 2001. New Babylon, New Nineveh: Everyday Life on the Witwatersrand, 1886–1914. Jeppestown: Jonathan Ball.
Van Onselen, C., 2019. The seed is mine: The life of Kas Maine, a South African sharecropper 1894–1985. Jeppestown: Jonathan Ball.
Van Onselen, C., 2021. The Night Trains: Moving Mozambican Miners to and from the Witwatersrand Mines, 1902–1955. Oxford University Press.
Virilio, P., 1986. Speed and Politics: An Essay on Dromology. Trans.: M. Polizzotti. New York: Semiotext(e). (Originally published in French in 1977).
Wacquant, L., 2008. Urban outcasts: A comparative sociology of advanced marginality. Cambridge/Oxford/Boston/New York: Polity.
Werneck, A., and De Souza, R.N., 2019. Narcomilícias: traficantes e milicianos se unem em 180 áreas do Rio, segundo investigação. O Globo [online], 10 October. Available from: https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/narcomilicias-traficantes-milicianos-se-unem-em-180-areas-do-rio-segundo-investigacao-24007664 [Access 29 March 2021].
Wilhelm-Solomon, M., 2020a. Johannesburg cannot police its future. Mail & Guardian [online], 27 October. Available from: https://mg.co.za/coronavirus-essentials/2020-10-27-johannesburg-cannot-police-its-future/ [Access 29 March 2021].
Wilhelm-Solomon, M., 2020b. The City Otherwise: The Deferred Emergency of Occupation in Inner-City Johannesburg. Cultural Anthropology [online], 35(3), pp. 404–434. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14506/ca35.3.03 [Access 31 August 2021].
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352). United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
Zulu, M., and Wilhelm-Solomon, M., 2015. Tormented by umnyama: An urban cosmology of migration and misfortune in inner-city Johannesburg. In: I. Palmary, B. Hamber and L. Núñez, eds., Healing and Change in the City of Gold. Peace Psychology Book Series, vol 24. Cham: Springer, pp. 135–148.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Elizabete Ribeiro Albernaz, Lenin Pires
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
OSLS strictly respects intellectual property rights and it is our policy that the author retains copyright, and articles are made available under a Creative Commons licence. The Creative Commons Non-Commercial Attribution No-Derivatives licence is our default licence, further details available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 If this is not acceptable to you, please contact us.
The non-exclusive permission you grant to us includes the rights to disseminate the bibliographic details of the article, including the abstract supplied by you, and to authorise others, including bibliographic databases, indexing and contents alerting services, to copy and communicate these details.
For information on how to share and store your own article at each stage of production from submission to final publication, please read our Self-Archiving and Sharing policy.
The Copyright Notice showing the author and co-authors, and the Creative Commons license will be displayed on the article, and you must agree to this as part of the submission process. Please ensure that all co-authors are properly attributed and that they understand and accept these terms.