The disempowerment of the judiciary in Syria since the March revolution of 2011 and the emergence of off-bench resistance to authoritarian rule: What role for women judges and prosecutors?

Authors

  • Monique C. Cardinal Université Laval

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1245

Keywords:

Syria, March Revolution, judicial autonomy, off-bench resistance, Counterterrorism Court, women

Abstract

The Arab uprisings of 2010-2011 generated a growing movement for change among the judicial corps throughout the Arab world. Judges and prosecutors created independent associations in Morocco, Mauritania, Yemen, Libya, Lebanon, and Tunisia to represent their interests and promote a better administration of justice. Since the March Revolution of 2011 in Syria, members of the judiciary also attempted to create their own association, but failed to do so. This article briefly outlines the demographics of the judicial corps after ten years of conflict in Syria. A noticeable change is the increase in the number of women in the judiciary and their promotion to positions of power. How have women judges and prosecutors used the greater authority granted to them? To the advantage of the regime, as a means for self-promotion or to better defend the rights of all? The second part of the article details the progressive disempowerment of the judiciary, the expansion of the criminal justice system and the creation of the Counterterrorism Court used by the regime to quash the popular uprising. In the final section, stories of off-bench resistance highlight efforts made by judges and prosecutors to defend their judicial autonomy and the basic human rights and freedoms of all Syrians.

Las protestas árabes de 2010-2011 generaron un creciente movimiento a favor del cambio entre los cuerpos judiciales en todo el mundo árabe. Surgieron asociaciones independientes de jueces y fiscales en Marruecos, Mauritania, Yemen, Libia, Líbano y Túnez, para representar sus intereses y promover una mejor administración de justicia. A partir de la revolución de marzo de 2011 de Siria, hubo intentos por parte de miembros de la judicatura para crear su propia asociación, pero fracasaron. Este artículo describe brevemente la demografía de los cuerpos judiciales después de diez años de conflicto en Siria. Un cambio perceptible consiste en el aumento del número de mujeres en la judicatura y su ascenso a puestos de mando. ¿Cómo han utilizado las juezas y fiscalas la mayor autoridad con que se las ha revestido? ¿En pro del régimen, como forma de promoción personal, o para defender mejor los derechos generales? La segunda parte del artículo detalla la pérdida progresiva de poder de la judicatura, la expansión del sistema de justicia penal y la creación del Tribunal Antiterrorista, utilizado por el régimen para aplastar el levantamiento popular. En la última sección, se aducen historias de resistencia al margen del juzgado por parte de jueces y fiscales, con el objeto de defender su autonomía judicial y los derechos y libertades básicos de todos los sirios.

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Author Biography

Monique C. Cardinal, Université Laval

Associate professor at the Faculté de Théologie et de Sciences Religieuses, Université Laval (Canada), Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, 2325 rue des Bibliothèques, Québec (QC), G1V 0A6. Dr. Cardinal’s current research focuses on the teaching and practice of Islamic law in Syria. Email address: monique.cardinal@ftsr.ulaval.ca

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Published

01-06-2023

How to Cite

Cardinal, M. (2023) “The disempowerment of the judiciary in Syria since the March revolution of 2011 and the emergence of off-bench resistance to authoritarian rule: What role for women judges and prosecutors?”, Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 13(3), pp. 1163–1197. doi: 10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1245.