Ibadism and law in historical contexts

Authors

  • Knut S. Vikør University of Bergen

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1155

Keywords:

Ibāḍī law, Oman, Algeria, Sharīʿa

Abstract

Not Sunnis and not Shi’is, the Ibāḍī Muslims of Oman and some areas of North Africa form a “third branch” of Islam, with their own version of the Sharīʿa law. The development of this law displays many interconnections with the political history of the Ibāḍīs, which spanned from an independent sultanate in Oman, through minority status under Sunni rule in Tunisia and Libya, to isolated desert communities in Algerian Sahara. This article gives an overview over such interconnections between the political (state authority) and the legal, through history and in contemporary North Africa, with some examples of legal discussions from the “Ibāḍī renaissance” (nahḍa) in the twentieth-century Saharan oasis of Mzab.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

        Metrics

Views 581
Downloads:
PDF 1172


References

Aillet, C., and Cressier, P., eds., 2018. Sedrata: Histoire et archéologie d'un carrefour du Sahara médiéval. Paris: Casa De Velázquez.

Amara, A., 2008. La structuration des ibadites-wahbites au Maghreb (XIe-XVe siècle). Annales Islamologiques, 42, 259–73.

al-Azri, K.M., 2013. Social and Gender Inequality in Oman. London: Routledge

Aʿwasht, B.b.S., 1987. al-Imām Ibrāhīm Bayyūḍ: wa-jihāduhu al-islāmī fī 'l-Jazāʾir. Ghardaia: al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿarabīya.

Bang, A.K., and Vikør, K.S., 1999. A Tale of Three shambas: Shāfiʿī-Ibāḍī legal cooperation in the Zanzibar Protectorate. Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Studies, 10, 1-26 & 11, 2000, 1-24.

al-Baṭṭāshī, M.b.S., 1984. K. Ghāyat al-maʾmūl fī ʿilm al-furūʿ wa’l-uṣūl. Masqaṭ: Salṭanat ʿUmān: Wizārat al-turāth 1404/1984.

Bayyūḍ, I.b.ʿU., and al-ʿUmanī, I.b.S., 1971. Ajwibat wa-fatāwā. Nālūt: Dār al-daʿwa 1390/1971.

Bayyūḍ, I.b.ʿU., 1988. Fatāwā al-imām Ibrāhīm Bayyūḍ (2 vols.). Ghardāya: al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿarabīya.

Bayyūḍ, I.b.ʿU., 1990. Aʿmālī fī ’l-thawra, Cairo/Ghardaia: Jamīʿat al-turāth n.d. [1990].

BBC News, 2015. Ghardaia clashes: At least 22 dead in Algerian oasis city. BBC News [online], 8 July. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33455563 [Accessed 12 May 2020].

Brockelmann, C., 1943. Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur. Leiden: Brill.

Broucek, J., 2018. Generic Islam? Official Religious Discourse in the Sultanate of Oman. In: A. Salimi, ed., Oman, Ibadism and Modernity. Hildesheim: Olms, 325-36.

Bū Ḥajām, M.N., ed., 1985. Abū 'l-Yaqẓān fī 'l-dawrīyāt al-ʿarabīya. Ghardaia: al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿarabīya.

Bū Ḥajām, M.N., 1991. al-Shaykh Bayyūḍ wa'l-ʿamal al-siyāsī. Ghardaia: al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿarabīya 1412/1991.

Cherifi, B., 2015. Le M’zab: Étude d’anthropologie historique et culturelle. Paris: Ibadica.

Clancy-Smith, J.A., 1994. Rebel and Saint: Muslim Notables, Populist Protest, Colonial Encounters (Algeria and Tunisia 1800-1904). Berkeley: University of California Press.

Crone, P., 1994. Even an Ethiopian slave: the transformation of a Sunnī tradition. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies [online], 57, 59–67. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00028111 [Accessed 12 May 2020].

Cuperly, P., 1991. Introduction à l'étude de l'ibāḍisme et de sa théologie. Alger: Office des publications universitaires.

Custers, M., 2017. Al-Ibāḍiyya: A Bibliography. Hildesheim: Olms.

Dbeez, N., 2017. Les ibadites du djebel Nafûsa après la révolution libyenne. In: V. Prevost, ed., Les Ibadites. Mode de vie, organisation et patrimoine d’une minorité musulmane. Toulouse: Presse Universitaires de Midi, 60-8.

EI(2): H.A.R. Gibb et al., eds., 1960. Encyclopaedia of Islam (New Edition) (12 vols. and Supplement). Leiden: Brill, 1960-2002.

Ennami, A.K., 1971. Studies in Ibadism. Ph.D. thesis. University of Cambridge.

Faath, S., 1985. Die Banû Mîzâb: Eine religiöse Minderheit in Algerien zwischen Islation und Integration. Schessel: Hanspeter Mattes.

Francesca, E., 2005. Early Ibāḍī Jurisprudence: Sources and Case Law. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 30, 231-63.

Francesca, E., 2014. Constructing an Identity. The Development of Ibādi Law. In: A. Ziaka, ed., On Ibadism. Hildesheim: Olms, 109-33.

Francesca, E., 2018a. Ijtihād and the Ibāḍī Reform Movement in North Africa: Shaykh Muḥammad Aṭfayyish’s ‘Re’-Interpretation of Kitāb al-Nīl. In: A. al Salimi and R. Eisner, eds., Oman, Ibadism and Modernity. Hildesheim: Olms, 69-80.

Francesca, E., 2018b. Religion and Politics in Contemporary Omani Ibāḍism. In: A. al Salimi and R. Eisner, eds., Oman, Ibadism and Modernity. Hildesheim: Olms, 87-95.

Gaiser, A.R., 2010. Muslims, Scholars, Soldiers: The Origins and Elaboration of the Ibāḍī Imāmate Traditions. New York: Oxford University Press.

Ghazal, A.N., 2010. Islamic Reform and Arab Nationalism: Expanding the Crescent from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean (1880s-1930s). London: Routledge.

Ghubash, H., 1998. Oman. Une démocratie islamique millénaire: La tradition de l’imâma. L’histoire politique moderne (1500-1970). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose.

Hoffman, V.J., 2012. The Essentials of Ibāḍī Islam. Syracuse University Press.

Hoffman, V.J., 2015. Historical Memories and Imagined Communities. Modern Ibadi Writings on Khārijism. In: A. Ziaka, ed., On Ibadism. Hildesheim: Olms, 137-50.

Hoffman, V.J., and al-Shueili, S.b.A.b.A., 2012. Ibâḍî Reformism in Twentieth-Century Algeria: The Tafsîr of Shaykh Ibrâhîm Bayyûḍ. Revue des Mondes Musulmans et de la Méditerranée, 132, 155–173.

Holsinger, D.C., 1980. Migration, Commerce and Community: The Mīzābīs in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Algeria. Journal of African History [online], 21(1), 61-74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700017862 [Accessed 12 May 2020].

Jomier, A., 2012. Iṣlâḥ ibâḍite et intégration nationale: vers une communauté mozabite? (1925-1964). Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée [online], 132, 175–95. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4000/remmm.7872 [Accessed 12 May 2020].

Jomier, A., 2015. Un réformisme islamique dans l’Algérie coloniale: Oulémas ibadites et société du Mzab (c. 1880-c.1970). Ph.D. thesis. Le Mans: SCE (Angers)/Centre de recherches historiques de l'Ouest (Rennes).

Jones, J., and Ridout, N., 2015. A History of Modern Oman. Cambridge University Press.

al-Kāmilī, A.R.'A.A.b.M., 1966. Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm Aṭfiyyash. Constantine: Maṭbaʿat al-Shihāb, 1385-6/1966.

Kenney, J.T., 2006. Muslim Rebels: Kharijites and the Politics of Extremism in Egypt. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kondo, Y., 2015. The Development of Ibāḍi Jurisprudence in Oman in the 3rd/9th and 4th/10th Centuries: A Preliminary Study of Some Marriage Issues. In: B. Michalak-Pikulska and R. Eisner, eds., Ibadi Jurisprudence. Hildesheim: Olms, 81-91.

Leonard, D., 2015. A Basis for Oman’s Religious Tolerance: A Review of the Late 19th and Early 20th Century Ibadi Jurisprudence of Nūr al-Din al-Sālimi from Oman and Muḥammad Aṭfayyash from North Africa Regarding Coexistence with Jews and Christians. In: B. Michalak-Pikulska and R. Eisner, eds., Ibadi Jurisprudence. Hildesheim: Olms, 195-209.

Lewicki, T., 1957. La répartition géographique des groupements ibāḍites dans l’Afrique du Nord au moyen-âge. Rocznik Orientalistyczny, 21, 301-43.

Lewicki, T., 1960. Quelques extraits inédits relatifs aux voyages des commerçants et des missionnaires ibāḍites nord-africains au pays du Soudan occidental et central au moyen age. Folia Orientalia, 2, 1/2, 1-27.

Lewicki, T., 1962. L’état nord-africain de Tāhert et ses relations avec le Soudan occidental à la fin du VIIIe et au IXe siècle. Cahiers d'études africaines [online], 2(4/8), 513-35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3406/cea.1962.3255 [Accessed 12 May 2020].

Lewicki, T., 1964. Traits d'histoire du commerce transsaharien. Marchands et missionnaires ibadites en Soudan occidental et central au cours des VIIIe-XIIe siècles. Etnografia polska, 8, 291-311.

Lewicki, T., 1971. al-Ibāḍiyya. Encyclopaedia of Islam (New Edition), vol. 3. Leiden: Brill, 648-60.

Lewinstein, K., 1991. The Azāriqa in Islamic Heresiography. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies [online], 54(2), 251–68. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00014774 [Accessed 12 May 2020].

Madelung, W., 2006. ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ibāḍ and the Origins of the Ibāḍiyya. In: B. Michalak-Pikulska and A. Pikulski, eds., Authority, Privacy and Public Order in Islam. Leuven: Peeters, 51-8.

al-Misri, A.H., 2000. Khawaarij & Jihad, including a full chapter about the massacre in Algeria. Birmingham: Makhtabah al-Ansar, n.d. [2000].

Muʿammar, ʿA.Y., 2007. Ibāḍism in History. Volume 1: The Emergence of the Ibāḍī School. Ruwi, Oman: Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs.

Nāṣir, M.S., 1980. Abū ’l-Yaqẓān wa-jihād al-kalima. Alger: al-Sharika al-waṭanīya lil-nashr wa’l-tawzīʿ.

Nāṣir, M.S., ed., 2002. Al-multaqā al-awwal li-fikr al-imām al-shaykh Ibrāhīm b. ʿUmar Bayyūḍ. al-Qarāra: Jamīʿat al-turāth.

Ourghi, A.H., 2006. Die Reformbewegung in der neuzeitlichen Ibāḍīya: Leben, 2006. Werk und Wirken von Muḥmmad b. Yūsuf Aṭfaiyaš, 1236-1332 h.q. (1821-1914). Ph.D. thesis. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.

Pouwels, R.L., 2002. Horn and Crescent: Cultural Change and Traditional Islam on the East African Coast, 800-1900. Cambridge University Press.

Prevost, V., 2010. Les Ibadites: De Djerba à Oman, la troisième voie de l’Islam. Turnhout: Brepols.

al-Rawas, I., 2000. Oman in early Islamic History. London: Ithaca.

Rebstock, U., 1983. Die Ibāḍiten im Maġrib (2./8.-4./10. Jh.): Die Geschichte einer Berberbewegung im Gewand des Islam. Berlin: Klaus Schwartz.

al-Salimi, A., 2017. Early Islamic Law in Basra in the 2nd/8th Century: Aqwal Qatadah b. Da'amah al-Sadusi. Leiden: Brill. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004339538 [Accessed 12 May 2020].

Savage, E., 1997. A Gateway to Hell, a Gateway to Paradise: The North African Response to the Arab Conquest. Princeton: Darwin Press.

Schacht, J., 1950. The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Shinar, P., 1961. Ibāḍiyya and orthodox reformism in modern Algeria. Studies in Islamic History and Civilzation, Scripta Hireosolymitana, 9, 97-120.

Siegfried, N.A., 2000. Legislation and Legitimation in Oman: The Basic Law. Islamic Law and Society [online], 7(3), 359-97. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1163/156851900507689 [Accessed 12 May 2020].

Ṭallāy, I.M., 1996. al-Ibāḍīya laysū min al-khawārij, n.p., n.d. [1996].

Vigourous, L., 1945. L'émigration mozabite dans les villes du Tell algérien. Travaux de l'Institut de recherches sahariennes, 3, 87-102.

Vikør, K.S., 1995. Sufi and Scholar on the Desert Edge: Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Sanūsī and his Brotherhood. London: Hurst.

Vikør, K.S., 1999. The Oasis of Salt. The History of Kawar, a Saharan Centre of Salt Production. Bergen: Centre for Middle Eastern Studies.

Wilkinson, J.C., 1985. Ibāḍi ḥadīth: an essay on normalization. Der Islam [online], 62(2), 231-59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1985.62.2.231 [Accessed 12 May 2020].

Wilkinson, J.C., 1987. The Imamate Tradition of Oman. Cambridge University Press.

Wilkinson, J.C., 2010. Ibâḍism: Origins and early development in Oman. Oxford University Press.

Wilkinson, J.C., 2015. Moderation and Extremism in Early Ibāḍī Thought. In: E. Francesca, ed., Ibadi Theology: Rereading Sources and Scholarly Works. Hildesheim: Olms, 47-53.

Ziaka, A., 2015. The Roots of the Uṣūl al-Fiqh in the Ibāḍi Madhhab: A Comparison Between Abū Saʿid al-Kudami and Ibn Baraka. In: B. Michalak-Pikulska and R. Eisner, eds., Ibadi Jurisprudence: Origins, Developments and Cases. Hildesheim: Olms, 93-100.

Downloads

Published

01-10-2020

How to Cite

Vikor, K. S. (2020) “Ibadism and law in historical contexts”, Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 10(5), pp. 960–984. doi: 10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1155.