Restorative pathways after mass environmental victimization: Walking in the landscapes of past ecocides

Gema Varona

doi:10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1044

Authors

Gema Varona Permanent researcher at the Basque Institute of Criminology

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1044

Keywords:

green victimology, environmental crime, ecocide, memorialization, restorative justice

Abstract

Departing from the parallelism between large-scale human rights violations and the complex notion of ecocide, some conceptual remarks will be drawn within the realm of green victimology and restorative justice. By questioning the frameworks of victimhood and the irreversibility of ecocide, some conclusions about the meaning of informal practices of memorialization in mass victimization can be discussed. To illustrate these ideas, the Prestige case in Spain will be briefly presented as a case study.

Partiendo del paralelismo entre las violaciones de derechos humanos a gran escala y la compleja noción de ecocidio, se realizarán algunas consideraciones conceptuales dentro del campo de la victimología verde y la justicia restaurativa. Al cuestionar los marcos de la victimidad y de la irreversibilidad del ecocidio, se debatirán algunas conclusiones sobre el significado de ciertas prácticas informales de memorialización en procesos de victimización en masa. Para ilustrar estas ideas se recurrirá de forma sucinta, como caso de estudio, a las consecuencias del Prestige en España.

Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1044

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Views 891
Downloads:
PDF 709

References

Arroyo, L., De Pablo, A., and Gimeno, J., 2017. Historical pollution in Spain: A powerful legal framework for a few past cases. In: F. Centonze and S. Manacorda, eds., Historical Pollution. New York: Springer, 265-306.

Begum, R.A.R., 2017. The potential of restorative justice in strengthening corporate governance framework. Internet Journal of Restorative Justice, 5 Year Celebration Special Issue [online], 2056-2985. Available from: https://www.theogavrielides.com/product-page/the-potential-of-restorative-justice-in-strengthening-corporate-governance-frame [Accessed 20 March 2019].

Benson, M.L., and Cullen, F.T., 1998. Combating Corporate Crime: Local Prosecutors at Work. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

Bernat, I., and Whyte, D., 2017. State-corporate crime and the process of capital accumulation: Mapping a global regime of permission from Galicia to Morecambe bay. Critical Criminology [online], 25(1), 71–86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-016-9340-9 [Accessed 20 March 2019].

Blue, G., 2016. Framing climate change for public deliberation: What role for interpretive social sciences and humanities? Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning [online], 18(1), 67-84. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2015.1053107 [Accessed 20 March 2019].

Bouveresse, J., 2017. Le mythe moderne du progrès. Marseille: Agone.

Braithwaite, J., 2002. Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation. Oxford University Press.

Brinkhuijsen, M., 2007. Legible landscapes: the use of narratives in landscape design for leisure and tourism in Dutch cultural landscapes [online]. Conference paper. ASA Conference (Association of Social Anthropologists) Thinking through tourism, London. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40094813_Legible_landscapes_the_use_of_narratives_in_landscape_design_for_leisure_and_tourism_in_Dutch_cultural_landscape [Accessed 5 May 2018].

Brisman, A., 2017. Tensions for green criminology. Critical Criminology, 25(2), 311-323.

Brisman, A., and South, N., 2018. Green criminology, zemiology, and comparative and inter-relational justice in the Anthropocene era. In: A. Boukli and J. Kotzé, eds., Zemiology. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 203-221.

Bryant, B., ed., 1995. Environmental Justice: Issues, Policies, and Solutions. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Bullard, R.D., 1994. Overcoming racism in environmental decision making. Environment: Science and policy for sustainable development [online], 36(4), 10-44. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1994.9929997 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Burger, M., 2003. Bi-polar and polycentric approaches to human rights and the environment. Columbia Journal of Environmental Law [online], 28, 383-384. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7916/D8Z60N7S [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Caballero, G., and Soto-Oñate, D., 2017. Environmental crime and judicial rectification of the Prestige oil spill: The polluter pays. Marine Policy [online], 84, 213-219. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.07.012 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Cabanes, V., 2017. Homo natura: En harmonie avec le vivant. Paris: Buchet/Chastel.

Cano, L., 2018. Rights of nature: Rivers that can stand in court. Resources [online], 7(1) 13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7010013 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Cento Bull, A., and Lauge Hansen, H., 2016. On agonistic memory. Memory Studies [online], 9(4), 390-404. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1750698015615935 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Cohen, S. 2001. States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Davies, P., 2018. Environmental crime, victimisation, and the ideal victim. In: M. Duggan, ed., Revisiting the “Ideal Victim”: Developments in Critical Victimology. Bristol: Policy Press, 175.

Davies, P.A., 2017. Green crime, victimization and justice: A rejoinder. Critical Sociology [online], 43(3), 465-471. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920516689071 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Di Ronco, A., Allen-Robertson, J., and South, N., 2018. Representing environmental harm and resistance on Twitter: The case of the TAP pipeline in Italy. Crime, Media, Culture [online]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659018760106 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Diz Otero, I., and Lois González, M.I., 2005. La reconstrucción de la sociedad civil en Galicia: la catástrofe del Prestige y el movimiento Nunca Máis. Revista de Estudios Políticos [online], nº. 129, 255-280. Available from: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1317867.pdf [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Drumbl, M.A., 1998. Waging war against the world: the need to move from war crimes to environmental crimes. Fordham International Law Journal [online], 22(1), 122. Available from: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj/vol22/iss1/3/ [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Duncan, J.S., and Ley, D., 2013. Place/culture/representation. London: Routledge.

Feinberg, J., 1987. Harm to Others (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press.

Flynn, M., and Hall, M., 2017. The case for a victimology of nonhuman animal harms. Contemporary Justice Review [online], 20(3), 299-318. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2017.1348898 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Gibbs, C., et al., 2009. Introducing conservation criminology: Towards interdisciplinary scholarship on environmental crimes and risks. The British Journal of Criminology [online], 50(1), 124-144. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43612851 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Groombridge, N., 1998. Masculinities and crimes against the environment. Theoretical Criminology [online], 2(2), 249-267. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480698002002006 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Hadden, J., 2015. Networks in Contention: The Divisive Politics of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.

Haldemann, F., and Unger, T., eds., 2018. The United Nations Principles to Combat Impunity: A Commentary. Oxford University Press.

Hall, M., 2013. Victims of Environmental Harm: Rights, Recognition and Redress under National and International Law. London: Routledge.

Hall, M., 2014. Environmental harm and environmental victims: Scoping out a “green victimology”. International Review of Victimology [online], 20(1), 129-143. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0269758013508682 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Hall, M., 2017. Exploring the cultural dimensions of environmental victimization. Palgrave Communications [online], 3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2017.76 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Hall, M., 2018. Environmental victimisation: corporate villainy or state connivance? Radical Criminology [online]. Available from: http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/15918/ [Accessed 5 May 2018].

Hall, M., and Varona, G., 2018. La victimología verde como espacio de encuentro para repensar la otredad más allá de la posesión. Revista de Victimología/Journal of Victimology [online], 7, 107-128. Available from: http://www.huygens.es/journals/index.php/revista-de-victimologia/article/view/118 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Halsey, M., 2004. Against “green” criminology. British Journal of Criminology [online], 44(6), 833-853. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azh068 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Hamilton, M., 2017. Restorative justice conferencing in an environmental protection law context: apology and corporate offending. Internet Journal of Restorative Justice, 5 Year Celebration Special Issue [online], 2056-2985. Available from: https://www.theogavrielides.com/product-page/the-potential-of-restorative-justice-in-strengthening-corporate-governance-frame [Accessed 20 March 2019].

Harari, Y.N., 2018. 21 Lessons for the 21st Century. London: Penguin.

Higgins, P., 2010. Eradicating Ecocide: Laws and Governance to Prevent the Destruction of Our Planet. London: Shepheard-Walwyn.

Hillyard, P., and Tombs, S., 2017. Social harm and zemiology. In: A. Liebling, S. Maruna and L. McAra, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. 6th ed. Oxford University Press, 284-305.

Hoondert, M., Mutsaers, P., and Arfman, W., eds., 2018. Cultural Practices of Victimhood. London: Routledge.

IPCC (with R.T. Watson, M.C. Zinyowera and R.H. Moss, eds.), 1997. The Regional impacts of climate change: An assessment of vulnerability. A special report of IPCC working group II. Cambridge University Press.

Johnson, D.S., 2017. The status of green criminology in victimology research. McNair Scholars Research Journal [online], 10(1), 8. Available from: https://commons.emich.edu/mcnair/vol10/iss1/8/ [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Juste, J., 2003. La catástrofe del Prestige: Implicaciones internacionales. Política exterior, 17(92), 151-164.

Kauzlarich, D., Matthews, R.A., and Miller, W.J., 2001. Toward a victimology of state crime. Critical Criminology [online], 10(3), 173-194. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1015744304749 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Kirby, P., and O’Mahony, T., 2018. Identifying an emerging paradigm: Towards ecosocialism?. In: P. Kirby and T. O’Mahony, eds., The Political Economy of the Low-Carbon Transition. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 231-258.

Kirchhoff, J., Strack, M., and Wagner, U., 2013. The needs of victims: An empirical categorization based on interpersonal conflicts. Journal of Social and Political Psychology [online], 1(1), 29-50. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v1i1.44 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Lacey, N., and Pickard, H., 2018. A dual‐process approach to criminal law: victims and the clinical model of responsibility without blame. Journal of Political Philosophy [online]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12160 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Liboiron, M., 2018. The What and the Why of Discard Studies [online]. Available from: https://discardstudies.com/2018/09/01/the-what-and-the-why-of-discard-studies/ [Accessed 27 March 2019].

Liodakis, G., 2018. Capital, economic growth, and socio-ecological crisis: a critique of de-growth. International Critical Thought [online], 8(1), 46-65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2017.1357487 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Lynch, M., 1990. The greening of criminology: A perspective on the 1990s. Critical Criminologist, 2, 3-4.

Lynch, M.J., and Stretsky, P.B., 2003. The meaning of green: Contrasting criminological perspectives. Theoretical Criminology [online], 7(2), 217-238. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1362480603007002414 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Mairal, G., 2008. Narratives of risk. Journal of Risk Research, 11(1-2), 41-54.

Mann, G., and Wainwright, J., 2018. Climate Leviathan. London: Verso Books.

Mazzucato, C., 2016. Rights of Victims, Challenges for Corporations: Project’s First Findings. Milan: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore.

McGarry, R., and Walklate, S., 2015. Victims: Trauma, Testimony and Justice. London: Routledge.

Mythen, G., and McGowan, W., 2017. Cultural victimology revisited. In: S. Walklate, ed., Handbook of Victims and Victimology. London: Routledge.

NASA Global Climate Change (with H. Shaftel, ed.), no date. How Do We Know? [online]. Available from: https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ [Accessed 5 May 2018].

Nurse, A., 2017. Green criminology: shining a critical lens on environmental harm. Palgrave Communications [online], 3(1), 10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-017-0007-2 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Paul, K., 2017. International Monsanto Tribunal Calls for Human Rights Over Corporate Rights. Regeneration International [online], 26 April. Available from: http://www.regenerationinternational.org/2017/04/26/international-monsanto-tribunal-calls-human-rights-corporate-rights/ [Accessed 15 June 2018].

Pemberton, S., 2016. Harmful Societies: Understanding Social Harm. Bristol: Policy Press.

Pineault, E., 2018. From provocation to challenge: Degrowth, capitalism and the prospect of “socialism without growth”, a commentary on Giorgios Kallis. Capitalism Nature Socialism [online], 1-16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2018.1457064 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Pinker, S., 2011. The Better Angels of Our Nature: A History of Violence and Humanity. London: Penguin.

Puleo, A., 2018. Ecofeminismo: Para otro mundo posible. Madrid: Cátedra.

Richardson, B., 2017. Time and Environmental Law: Telling Nature's Time. Cambridge University Press.

Riechmann, J., 2017. ¿Vivir como buenos huérfanos? Ensayos sobre el sentido de la vida en el Siglo de la Gran Prueba. Madrid: Catarata.

Rivera, I., 2014. A modo de epílogo. Retomando el concepto de violencia estructural. La memoria, el daño social y el derecho a la resistencia como herramientas de trabajo. In: I. Rivera, coord., Delitos de los Estados, de los mercados y daño social: Debates en criminología crítica y sociología jurídico-penal. Barcelona: Anthropos.

Rivers, L., 2012. Shareholder return: A “Nuremberg defence”? Ecocide and restorative Justice. Environmental Law & Management [online], 24(1), 17-19. Available from: https://eradicatingecocide.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Shareholder-Return-a-Nuremburg-defence.pdf [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Rodríguez Goyes, D., and Sollund, R., 2018. Animal abuse, biotechnology and species justice. Theoretical Criminology [online], 22(3), 363-383. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1362480618787179 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Rossner, M., 2011. Emotions and interaction ritual: A micro analysis of restorative justice. The British Journal of Criminology [online], 51(1), 95-119. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azq075 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Rothe, D.L., and Kauzlarich, D., 2017. We are all complicit: victimization and crimes of the powerful. In: S. Walklate, ed., Handbook of Victims and Victimology. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 358-363.

Ruggiero, V., 2013. The Crimes of the Economy: A Criminological Analysis of Economic Thought. London: Routledge.

Ruggiero, V., and South, N., 2010. Critical criminology and crimes against the environment. Critical Criminology, 18(4), 245-250.

Ruiz Rodríguez, L., 2003. Las catástrofes medioambientales y la aplicación de la ley penal en el espacio. Eguzkilore [online], nº. 17, 47-56. Available from: https://www.ehu.eus/documents/1736829/2174325/Eguzkilore+17.6+RUIZ.pdf [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Ryan, M.L., Foote, K., and Azaryahu, M., 2016. Narrating Space/Spatializing Narrative: Where Narrative Theory and Geography Meet. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.

Sampedro, V., 2003. Nunca Máis: la marea, el dique y el búnker. In: D. Fernández and E. Grau, eds., Anuario de movimientos sociales: la red en la calle: ¿cambios en la cultura de movilización? Barcelona: Icaria, 176-194.

Shiva, V., 2017. Ending a century of ecocide and genocide, seeding earth. Indigenous Policy Journal [online], 27(3). Available from: http://www.indigenouspolicy.org/index.php/ipj/article/view/419/409 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Simonsen, K.M., 2017. The political agency of victims in atrocity tales by Bartolomé de las Casas: the Spanish origin of human rights. In: K.M. Simonsen and J. Ross Kjærgård, eds., Discursive Framings of Human Rights. Negotiating Agency and Victimhood. London: Routledge, 26-42.

Soler, R., 2017. El ecocidio: ¿crimen internacional? Boletín electrónico del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos [online], 128, 1-14. Available from: http://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_opinion/2017/DIEEEO128-2017_Ecocidio_RoselSoler.pdf [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Solnit, R., 2016. Hope in the Dark: Untold Histories, Wild Possibilities. 2nd ed. Chicago: Haymarket Books.

South, N., 2007. The “corporate colonisation of nature”: Bio-prospecting, bio-piracy and the development of green criminology. In: P. Beirne and N. South, eds., Issues in Green Criminology. London: Willan, 230-247.

Taibi Cicaré, F.T., 2018. Green criminology y ejercicios de visualidad en la Habana: confusión, estados de negación y “orientales”. Crítica penal y poder [online], 14. Available from: http://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/CriticaPenalPoder/article/view/19975/23502 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Tombs, S., and Whyte, D., 2015. Introduction to the special issue on “crimes of the powerful”. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice [online], 54(1), 1-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12110 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Tompkins, P., and Bird, C., 1973. The Secret Life of Plants: A Fascinating Account of the Physical, Emotional, and Spiritual Relations Between Plants and Man. New York: Harper & Row.

United Nations Environment Programme, 2018. Assessing Environmental Impacts: A Global Review of Legislation [online]. Nairobi: United Nations. Available from: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/22691/Environmental_Impacts_Legislation.pdf [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Varona, G., forthcoming 2020. The contribution of ecofeminism to the criminological debate in Spain. In: S. Walklate et al., eds., The Emerald Handbook of Criminology, Feminism and Social Change. Bradford: Emerald.

Verdú, J., 2003. La catástrofe del Prestige: análisis desde el derecho internacional. Eúphoros [online], 6, 77-86. Available from: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1181315.pdf [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Walklate, S., 2017. Conclusion: developing and agenda for a (critical) victimology. In: S. Walklate, ed., Handbook of Victims and Victimology. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 379-384.

Wattad, M.S.A., 2009. The Rome Statute and Captain Planet: What lies between crimes against humanity and the natural environment? Fordham Environmental Law Review [online], 19(2), 265-285. Available from: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1637 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

White, R., 2013. Crimes Against Nature: Environmental Criminology and Ecological Justice. London: Willan.

White, R., 2018. Green victimology and non-human victims. International Review of Victimology [online], 24(2), 239-255. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0269758017745615 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

White, R., and Kramer, R.C., 2015. Critical criminology and the struggle against climate change ecocide. Critical Criminology [online], 23(4), 383–399. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-015-9292-5 [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Whyte, D., 2017. Crime as a social relation of power: reframing the “ideal victim” of corporate crimes. In: S. Walklate, ed., Handbook of Victims and Victimology. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 333-347.

Wolin, S., 2008. Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Spectre of Inverted Totalitarianism. Princeton University Press.

Zahara, A., 2018. Against risk perception: The deficit model and public understandings of risk. Discard Studies [online], 10 January. Available from: https://discardstudies.com/2018/10/01/against-risk-perception-the-deficit-model-and-public-understandings-of-risk/ [Accessed 21 March 2019].

Zimmerman, M.E., 1985. The critique of natural rights and the search for a non-anthropocentric basis for moral behavior. The Journal of Value Inquiry [online], 19(1), 43-53. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00151415 [Accessed 21 March 2019].