Apology in the Criminal Justice Setting: An Update
Keywords:
apology, criminal justice, interaction effects, mixed methods research, qualitative research, Disculpas, justicia penal, efectos de interacción, justicia juvenil, métodos de investigación mixtos, investigación cualitativaAbstract
Apology has many benefits to offenders and victims. The last 15 years have produced worthwhile quantitative and qualitative studies that have refined our understanding of apology, but have also identified the diversity in what can be said in apology and how it can be received. The apology literature in the last 15 years in social psychology, criminology, and criminal justice is examined, including two and three-way interaction effects and qualitative results that focus on the effectiveness of apology at the contextual and individual levels, and the important role that emotion can play. It is recommended that apology be implemented with a “less is more” approach for apology to be most effective for youth in juvenile justice; and that a venue is provided for a spontaneous/voluntary apology to occur, or a minimally prepared apology, using only broad prescriptions on how it ought to be carried out. By utilizing appropriate research strategies, knowledge about apology and its effectiveness in legal settings including juvenile justice can continue to build to determine what type of apology works best for whom under what circumstances.
Las disculpas tienen numerosos beneficios para víctimas y victimarios. En los últimos 15 años se han realizado importantes estudios cuantitativos y cualitativos que han mejorado nuestra comprensión sobre las disculpas, pero que también han identificado la diversidad de lo que se puede decir al pedir perdón y cómo se puede recibir. Se analiza la literatura sobre disculpas de los últimos 15 años en la psicología social, la criminología, y la justicia penal, incluyendo efectos de interacción de dos y tres vías que se centran en la efectividad de las disculpas en los niveles contextual e individual, y el rol tan importante que puede jugar la emoción. Se recomienda que la disculpa se desarrolle bajo un acercamiento de "menos es más" para que sea más efectiva en el caso de los jóvenes en la justicia juvenil; y que se ofrezca un lugar para que se dé una disculpa espontánea/voluntaria, o una disculpa mínimamente preparada, empleando únicamente prescripciones generales sobre cómo debería desarrollarse. Al utilizar estrategias de investigación apropiadas, el conocimiento sobre la disculpa y su efectividad en entornos legales, incluyendo la justicia juvenil, puede ayudar a determinar para quién y bajo qué circunstancias funciona mejor cada tipo de disculpa.
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