Sortuz: Oñati Journal of Emergent Socio-Legal Studies
<!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> Sortuz (ISSN 1988-0847) seeks to create a virtual, but real space, that strengthens the emerging community around the relations between law and society through the publication of quality research. Indeed, the community of scholars that year by year meet, discuss and grow in IISL facilities may find in this journal an additional chance to share and discuss, their knowledge and findings. However, Sortuz is also meant as a place of meeting to widen the reach of the Oñati community to those who do not have a previous involvement with the IISL, remaining committed as well with the wide and inclusive perspective of socio-legal studies promoted by the IISL. Committed to the values of Open Science, Sortuz supports transparency, accessibility, and collaborative knowledge-making, and thus the journal is Diamond Open Access. Sortuz relies on double-blind peer review to ensure the quality of its publications; read more about our review policy in the Author guidelines section. We also actively encourage submissions from scholars in the Global South and from underrepresented communities, aiming to foster a diverse and global conversation in socio-legal studies. Sortuz is owned and published by the Oñati International Institute for the Sociology of Law Foundation.
International Institute for the Sociology of Law
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We do, however, kindly ask for later publications to indicate Sortuz as the original source.
Copyright (c) 2026 Senny Luckyardi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enforcement of the universality principle in combating cybercrime as a transnational crime
Cybercrime, as a borderless, technologically advanced transnational threat exemplified by ransomware and cross-border intrusions, challenges territorially bound criminal jurisdiction. This article investigates whether universal jurisdiction applies to cybercrime under current international law and evaluates the Budapest Convention's role in jurisdictional challenges. Using normative juridical methods with doctrinal and comparative approaches, it analyzes international instruments, criminal law principles, and scholarly views. Findings reveal cybercrime lacks universal jurisdiction status in positive law; the Budapest Convention promotes territorial and extraterritorial jurisdiction via domestic law harmonization and cooperation, not universality. Conflating universal and extraterritorial jurisdiction breeds doctrinal confusion and uncertainty. The study advocates clearer distinctions between these bases to bolster legal certainty and aid enforcement against transnational cybercrime.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sahat Maruli Tua Situmeang, Elvina Rahma Kamilia, Nurul Lutfiyah, Dinda Marshanda Aurora https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Law enforcement of cyber terrorism crimes in strengthening national data security from the perspective of Indonesian positive law
Cyberterrorism is a contemporary form of crime that exploits information technology to threaten national data security and public welfare. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of Indonesian positive law in addressing cyber terrorism and to evaluate its Impact on critical national infrastructure, such as transportation, energy, and public services, which may result in substantial financial losses and operational disruptions. This study was conducted descriptively and analytically, systematically describing existing facts through a normative legal approach, utilizing laws and regulations as primary data. The study reveals the absence of specific laws that explicitly regulate cyberterrorism crimes, resulting in legal uncertainty and enforcement challenges. Accordingly, it is imperative to reinforce the legal framework and enhance international collaboration to address this threat effectively.
Copyright (c) 2026 Karina Frity Rahmasari, Al Pink Saputra Napitupulu, Anida Nadyana Novauzyah, Sahat Maruli Tua Situmeang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advances in information technology have facilitated the digitalization of several industries, including trade, by enabling more efficient communication and data exchange. Previous research has shown that the expansion of e-commerce presents legal challenges, particularly in terms of the application of exemption clauses by commercial actors. Therefore, the expansion of digital commerce must be consistent with the principles set out in Law Number 7 of 2014 concerning Trade and Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE), as amended by Law Number 19 of 2016 and Law Number 1 of 2024. Both regulations provide the legal basis that must be implemented to provide fairness and legal certainty in e-commerce transactions. This study takes a normative legal approach and incorporates qualitative legal analysis of relevant legal standards. The research presented provides a critical perspective on the need for appropriate and enforceable legislative restrictions to protect the interests of all parties involved in e-commerce.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hetty Hassanah, Safina Rama Dewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Revitalizing Pancasila values in the digital era in preventing moral decadence of the younger generation
This study examines the revitalization of Pancasila values in the digital era as a strategic framework for strengthening moral and civic awareness among Indonesian youth. Amid rapid technological development and globalization, national identity, social cohesion, and ethical values face increasing challenges. Using a descriptive-analytical method with a conceptual and normative legal approach, the study explores how digital transformation influences moral reasoning, social behavior, and national consciousness. The revitalization of Pancasila is implemented through digital literacy programs, ethical education, and civic engagement reflecting the principles of humanity, unity, democracy, and social justice. Grounded in the 1945 Constitution and Law No. 20 of 2003 on the National Education System, the study highlights the importance of integrating civic, moral, and digital ethics education. It also identifies digital threats such as misinformation, cyberbullying, and online radicalization. A multi-sectoral strategy involving government, educators, and digital communities is proposed to strengthen ethical awareness and ideological resilience among youth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Satria Fitrah Putradipradja, Wishal Adya Jatmika, Sahat Maruli Tua Situmeang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The legal journey of indigenous belief systems in Indonesia
A persistent gap exists between Indonesia’s constitutional guarantee of religious freedom and the practical realities for adherents of indigenous belief systems, presenting a critical socio-legal dilemma. Employing normative legal analysis and policy review, this article traces the legal evolution of this contradiction. It examines the translation of constitutional and international guarantees into legislation and jurisprudence, revealing regulatory conflicts that perpetuate systemic discrimination in civil administration. The study identifies The Constitutional Court Decision No. 97/PUU-XIV/2016 as a pivotal mandate for equal recognition. However, analysis demonstrates that a significant implementation gap persists due to regulatory ambiguities and socio-cultural stigma. The findings argue that fulfilling the constitutional rights of believers necessitates sustained state commitment to legal clarity, non-discriminatory administration, and an inclusive interpretation of Pancasila, contributing to broader discourses on socio-legal inclusion and pluralism.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wahyudi, Hetty Hassanah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration of Islamic law and customary law and its application in the Indonesia legal system: Opportunities and challenges
This study aims to examine how the integration of Islamic law (syariah) and customary law (adat) occurs within Indonesia’s legal system and to identify the opportunities and challenges arising from this integration. Employing a literature based approach and normative socio legal analysis, the research draws on constitutional, legislative, and judicial sources, supplemented by qualitative case studies from regions such as Aceh, West Sumatra, Bali, and Papua. The findings indicate that while there is significant potential for harmonization particularly through locally grounded dispute resolution mechanisms and hybrid legal practices structural and normative obstacles persist, including institutional fragmentation, normative conflicts in areas like inheritance, and human rights concerns. The study concludes that meaningful integration requires deliberate legal frameworks, inclusive policymaking, and legal education that embraces normative diversity. This research contributes to the broader understanding of legal pluralism in Indonesia and underscores the importance of recognizing diverse legal traditions to foster a more inclusive and culturally responsive justice system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wahyudi, Abdurrauf Umar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of penal mediation regulations in the criminal justice system of Indonesia and other countries
Penal mediation is a formal victim–offender mediation mechanism embedded in the criminal justice process and grounded in restorative justice principles. While several European countries, such as Germany, France, Austria, Poland, and especially the Netherlands, have introduced penal mediation through specific statutory provisions, professional accreditation schemes, and dedicated mediation institutions, Indonesia still relies on fragmented administrative regulations at the police and prosecutorial level without a comprehensive legislative basis. This article compares the institutional design and legal authority of penal mediation frameworks in Indonesia and selected European jurisdictions, with particular emphasis on the Dutch model. Using a normative–juridical approach combined with structured comparative socio‑legal analysis, it examines three analytical dimensions: (1) legal basis and scope of application, (2) institutional architecture and mediator accreditation, and (3) procedural safeguards for victims and offenders. The study finds that Indonesia’s current reliance on Police Regulation No. 8 of 2021 and Prosecutor Regulation No. 15 of 2020 produces discretionary and uneven practices, whereas the Dutch system integrates penal mediation across all stages of proceedings under a clear statutory and institutional framework. The article’s original contribution lies in specifying the structural conditions under which elements of the Dutch model could be transplanted, in a context‑sensitive way, into Indonesia’s pluralistic legal system to enhance consistency, legitimacy, and public trust in penal mediation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Musa Darwin Pane, Bettina Meiser, Diah Pudjiastuti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of Article 1131 of the Civil Code on individual bankruptcy in Indonesia
Indonesia’s bankruptcy process does not set a specific time limit for the sale of assets, including bankruptcy bonds, which are the responsibility of the curator. This condition does not create further legal consequences for a Limited Liability Company, as once declared bankrupt, the legal entity is legally deemed to no longer exist (rechtspersoon disbanded). It differs from individual debtors, who remain legal entities but are unable to engage in new business activities during the bankruptcy process. This study employs a normative juridical method, combining a statutory and conceptual approach, to examine the provisions of Article 1131 of the Civil Code, relevant legal principles, and doctrines in bankruptcy law. This approach enables analysis of the possibility that future assets may be included in the bankruptcy estate, which could hinder the economic recovery of individual debtors. Therefore, it is necessary to further regulate the norm through additional provisions in the Bankruptcy Law.
Copyright (c) 2025 Christopher Panal Lumban Gaol, Maidin Gultom https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) as a pathway to realize inclusive tourism at West Bandung Regency
This study aims to explore opportunities and equal rights for persons with disabilities to enjoy and participate in tourism activities in West Bandung Regency as part of Indonesia’s ratification of CRPD. This is a descriptive-analytical study using a qualitative methodology with normative juridical approach and a juridical qualitative technique for the data analysis. The West Bandung Regency Government implements the CRPD through adoption two regional regulations: Regional Regulation No. 2 of 2022 on Respect, Protection, and Fulfillment of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Regional Regulation No. 7 of 2013 on the Organization of Regional Tourism in West Bandung Regency. The study reveals that implementation so far has mostly been at the legal-formal level and has not yet been fully carried out in practice. Stronger collaboration is needed between local and national governments, along with active community participation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Febilita Wulan Sari, Rino Adibowo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal vacuum and violation of rights in assisted reproduction techniques in Peru
The purpose of the research is to analyze the setbacks caused by the legal vacuum in Assisted Reproduction Techniques (ART) in Peru and its relationship with the transgression of the fundamental rights of those who seek access to these procedures. A survey was applied to 100 lawyers, 50 health professionals and 25 ART candidates, evaluating the variables, legal vacuum regarding ART and transgression by not legislatively positivizing ART, with dimensions linked to the right to reproductive health and the right to the family. The results of the Sperman coefficient show a positive relationship between the variables in lawyers (rho= 0.688) and health professionals, as well as a very high positive relationship in ART candidates (rho= 0.893). With 99% confidence, it is concluded that the absence of regulation has a direct impact on the transgression of fundamental rights, generating legal uncertainty and affecting rights.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cesar Augusto Rivera Paredes, Diana Milagros Dueñas Roque https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The constitution, rule of law and authoritarianism
In its original conception the constitution distributes political power and provides limits on those exercising it. At the same, the constitution guarantees the rights of citizens. For many countries, this has led to the development of the rule of law and democracy. In contrast, authoritarian regimes concentrate power in a person or group with different objectives. Even if the constitutional text is similar, the constitution and the legal system perform different functions in rule of law and authoritarian regimes. The authoritarianism has consequences on the functioning of the state apparatus, and the legal system and culture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rogelio Pérez Perdomo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Limits and possibilities of the Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS) regarding violence against women in Brazil
The continuing gender violence in Brazil and the inaction by the State is a violation of human rights. This situation leads the victims and their families up to revolt against the justice system and reach out the Inter-American Human Rights System. In this context, it is questioned: how does Case of Barbosa de Souza impacts the society and the Brazilian State? The objectives are: to present the femicide of Márcia Barbosa dos Santos; to reveal the processing of the case in the IAHRS; to analyze the structural elements of the society and the Brazilian State. As references, Florestan Fernandes and Juliana Faleiros are used. The hypothesis is that the Brazilian institutions formalize the human rights protection without elaborating practicable public policies to eradicate the gender violence, due to the patriarchy being structuring of society. In the final considerations, it is evidenced that the femicide of Márcia Barbosa express the boundaries of the Brazilian State and the autocratic patriarchate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Juliana Faleiros, Renatha Cruz, Isabella Bolfarini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This article explains how structural differences between civil-law notaries and common-law notaries public create friction in cross-border circulation of public documents. Using Spanish case law and practice, it traces a pivot from “equivalence of forms” to “equivalence of authority,” and increasingly to a notary’s “judgment of sufficiency.” The shift relaxes formalism and centers which public functions were performed—identification, capacity, legality checks, authorship—reducing re-documentation. Evidence does not support a claim that common-law systems are less secure; rather, they relocate assurance to ex post remedies and professional accountability. The article proposes a functional, risk-weighted recognition framework: cross-border effects should turn on demonstrable delivery of safeguards—independence, competence proportionate to risk, verifiable record-keeping, and enforceable liability—regardless of institutional mix. On this view, hybrid pathways become coherent: modest liberalization in civil-law systems and “enhanced” notaries public with legal training in common-law settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sebastián Rivero Silva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The legal value of international treaties in Iraq and Spain
The principle of national sovereignty underpins international law by guaranteeing state independence and its legislative authority without external interference. However, the interaction between domestic norms and international commitments has sparked debate, particularly in cases of potential normative conflicts. Two main theories explain this relationship: dualism, which distinguishes between the two legal systems, and monism, which gives primacy to international law. This study analyzes the impact of international treaties on national legal frameworks, focusing on the position of Arab States regarding human rights. It examines the Iraqi legal system, its incorporation of treaties, and their influence on the 2005 Constitution, as well as the role of the judiciary. Finally, a comparison with the Spanish legal system is presented to identify key similarities and differences.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Al Azzawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital transformation and the principle of equality in Local Administration
In a global context marked by digital transformation and artificial intelligence, we present a study focused on the relations of citizens with the closest Public Administration: their city councils. In this sense, the first 10 years are taken into study where we can find the birth and establishment of the main regulations regarding the so-called Electronic Administration. To do this, with the paradigm of the Jaen City Council for taking a provincial capital of reference, from the bibliographic review and legislative commentary we study how a modernization process has begun focused on improving administrative efficiency and the quality of public services. compared to the maintenance of a face-to-face quota that protects the citizen’s right to be able to maintain face-to-face communication and administration with public affairs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manuel Palomares Herrera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
New patterns of exile in Guatemala and Nicaragua
This article examines the exodus of journalists and communicators, justice operators and human rights defenders currently taking place in Guatemala and Nicaragua. Its objectives are to identify the main characteristics of this exodus in light of international refugee law and regional asylum law. In this text, when we refer to ‘the region’ or ‘the regional,’ we are referring to Latin America. The methodology used is as follows: initially, a legal analysis of the main regulatory characteristics of refuge and asylum is carried out. We also reflect on the situation that existed in Latin America in the last century, offering more specific data on Mexico. The second section refers in general terms to the situation that is currently forcing certain Guatemalans and Nicaraguans to leave their countries of origin. The third section studies this situation in light of the analysis carried out in the first section.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eva Leticia Orduña Trujillo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review of Leading Works in Law and Anthropology. Alice Margaria, Larissa Vetters. Routledge, 2025.
Maider Zilbeti reviews Leading Works in Law and Anthropology, edited by Alice Margaria and Larissa Vetters (Routledge, 2025). The volume explores law as a lived practice and a process of subjectivation, combining socio-legal and anthropological perspectives. Zilbeti emphasizes its cumulative structure, methodological rigor, and ethical engagement, showing how each chapter illuminates law’s relational, performative, and normative dimensions. The review highlights the importance of reading the book as a whole, noting how analyses of leading works reveal processes of alterity, subaltern recognition, and justice. By fostering sustained dialogue across diverse legal and sociocultural contexts, the volume creates an indispensable interdisciplinary space for rethinking both law and anthropology in the contemporary world.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maider Zilbeti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0